A review of potential suggested drugs for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) treatment

The latest pandemic, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is associated with high prevalence and easy transmission, which is expanding globally with no conventional treatment or vaccine. The new virus revealed 79 and 50 genomic similarities with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively. Accordingly, since the disease resists testing and adopting new therapeutics, repositioning pre-existing drugs may present a fast and attractive strategy with known safety, characteristics, and dosage used. However, they are not specific and targeted. Therefore, several drugs have been investigated for their efficacy and safety in the treatment of COVID-19; most of them are undergoing clinical trials. This article summarizes clinical investigations of potential therapeutic drugs used as COVID-19 therapy. Subsequently, it prepares a pattern of results and therapeutic targets to help further experiment designs. We have investigated drugs as classified in the following three groups; 1) The drugs which computationally showed effectiveness (in silico) but needed further lab confirmations; 2) Emetine, Teicoplanin, and Nelfinavir have shown effectiveness in vitro; 3) The drugs currently under clinical trial. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

A review of potential suggested drugs for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) treatment

The latest pandemic, coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), is associated with high prevalence and easy transmission, which is expanding globally with no conventional treatment or vaccine. The new virus revealed 79 and 50 genomic similarities with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively. Accordingly, since the disease resists testing and adopting new therapeutics, repositioning pre-existing drugs may present a fast and attractive strategy with known safety, characteristics, and dosage used. However, they are not specific and targeted. Therefore, several drugs have been investigated for their efficacy and safety in the treatment of COVID-19; most of them are undergoing clinical trials. This article summarizes clinical investigations of potential therapeutic drugs used as COVID-19 therapy. Subsequently, it prepares a pattern of results and therapeutic targets to help further experiment designs. We have investigated drugs as classified in the following three groups; 1) The drugs which computationally showed effectiveness (in silico) but needed further lab confirmations; 2) Emetine, Teicoplanin, and Nelfinavir have shown effectiveness in vitro; 3) The drugs currently under clinical trial. © 2021 Elsevier B.V

Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS): a systematic review of anatomy and potential risk factors

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS), a common cause of anterior knee pain, is successfully treated in over 2/3 of patients through rehabilitation protocols designed to reduce pain and return function to the individual. Applying preventive medicine strategies, the majority of cases of PFPS may be avoided if a pre-diagnosis can be made by clinician or certified athletic trainer testing the current researched potential risk factors during a Preparticipation Screening Evaluation (PPSE). We provide a detailed and comprehensive review of the soft tissue, arterial system, and innervation to the patellofemoral joint in order to supply the clinician with the knowledge required to assess the anatomy and make recommendations to patients identified as potentially at risk. The purpose of this article is to review knee anatomy and the literature regarding potential risk factors associated with patellofemoral pain syndrome and prehabilitation strategies. A comprehensive review of knee anatomy will present the relationships of arterial collateralization, innervations, and soft tissue alignment to the possible multifactoral mechanism involved in PFPS, while attempting to advocate future use of different treatments aimed at non-soft tissue causes of PFPS

Treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in special populations : a summary of evidence

We aimed to assess and synthesize the information available in the literature regarding the treatment of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in special populations. We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, Cochrane Library and mRCT databases to identify clinical trials and observational studies that assessed the pharmacological treatment of the following groups of patients: pregnant women, nursing mothers, children, the elderly, individuals with chronic diseases and individuals with suppressed immune systems. The quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. The available evidence suggests that the treatments of choice for each population or disease entity are as follows: nursing mothers and children (meglumine antimoniate or pentamidine), patients with renal disease (amphotericin B or miltefosine), patients with heart disease (amphotericin B, miltefosine or pentamidine), immunosuppressed patients (liposomal amphotericin), the elderly (meglumine antimoniate), pregnant women (amphotericin B) and patients with liver disease (no evidence available). The quality of evidence is low or very low for all groups. Accurate controlled studies are required to fill in the gaps in evidence for treatment in special populations. Post-marketing surveillance programs could also collect relevant information to guide treatment decision-making

Intraoperative perfusion management impacts postoperative outcomes: an analysis of 682 autologous breast reconstruction patients.

INTRODUCTION: Anesthetic management remains an understudied aspect of free autologous breast reconstruction. This study aims to critically examine intraoperative anesthetic management as it relates to free flap perfusion and its effect on major complications. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed examining all abdominally based free autologous breast reconstructions from 2005 to 2011 at a single institution. Analysis focused on perioperative care and specifically fluid administration, urine output (UOP), vasopressor administration, and case duration. Outcomes included major intraoperative and postoperative complications. A post-hoc analysis was performed to determine anesthetic factors associated with thrombotic events. RESULTS: Overall, 682 patients (1033 flaps) were included. Patients with low UOP had lower rates of intraoperative fluid infusion rates/kg (p=0.0001), Estimated Blood Loss (EBL) (p=0.006) and pressor administration (p=0.03), but no significant differences were noted in intraoperative thrombotic events according to UOP. However, the below normal UOP cohort demonstrated a significant increased rate of delayed postoperative thromboses (p=0.03). A post hoc analysis of postoperative thrombotic events revealed that low rates of fluid resuscitation (OR=3.01, p=0.04) and low intraoperative UOP (OR=3.67, p=0.04) were independently associated with delayed thrombosis. A sub-analysis demonstrated that patients with ≥2 comorbidities and below normal UOP were at particular risk (any delayed thrombotic event OR=4.3, p=0.03; any delayed venous thrombosis OR=9.1, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that intraoperative fluid under-resuscitation may place patients at increased risk for postoperative flap thrombosis, and low UOP is an important metric whereby intraoperative resuscitation should be gauged. Patients with comorbid conditions and below normal intraoperative UOP should be monitored particularly closely for delayed thrombotic events. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic/risk category, level II