Imidacloprid modifies the mitotic kinetics and causes both aneugenic and clastogenic effects in the macrophyte Bidens laevis L.

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely used in agricultural activities all around the world. This compound is transported from croplands to surrounding freshwater ecosystems, producing adverse effects on non-target organisms. Because of the relevance of aquatic macrophytes in the above-mentioned environments and the lack of studies of potential effects of IMI on them, this work aimed to assess the mitotic process and potential genotoxicity in the aquatic macrophyte Bidens laevis L. Although the analysis of the Mitotic Index (MI) showed that IMI was not cytotoxic, the Cell Proliferation Kinetics (CPK) frequencies evidenced modifications in the kinetics of the mitotic process. Indeed, the anaphases ratio decreased at 10 and 100 mu g/L IMI, while at 1000 mu g/L an increase of prophases ratio and a decrease of metaphases ratio were observed. Regarding genotoxicity, IMI produced an increase of the abnormal metaphases frequency from 10 mu g/L to 1000 mu g/L as well as an increase in clastogenic anaphases-telophases frequency at 100 and 1000 mu g/L. In addition, aneugenic anaphases-telophases and C-mitosis frequencies also increased at 1000 mu g/L, confirming the effects on the mitotic spindle. Considering the genotoxic effects on B. laevis through two different mechanisms (aneugenic and clastogenic) and the wide spread use of IMI in agriculture, these mechanisms of toxicity on macrophytes should be considered among other recognized effects of this insecticide on aquatic biota.Peer reviewe