Auswirkungen der Krise auf Schwellenländer: Welches Entwicklungsmodell hat sich bewährt?

Die Jahre vor der Finanzkrise waren durch ein rasches Produktionswachstum in der Weltwirtschaft insgesamt, vor allem aber durch ein beeindruckendes Wachstum der BRIC-Staaten und weiterer Schwellenländer gekennzeichnet. Nach Ansicht von Thomas Mirow, Präsident der European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, London, war der Entwicklungsweg der Länder Mittel- und Osteuropas bis 2008 erfolgreich. Das Entwicklungsmodell der Transformationsländer sei jedoch vielschichtig zu beurteilen und erfordere für die Zukunft Handlungsbedarf. Nach der Analyse von Gunther Schnabl, Universität Leipzig, ist der Aufholprozess, der durch inländische Kapitalakkumulation im Sektor der handelbaren Güter getrieben ist, überholt. In Mittel- und Osteuropa, Ostasien, Lateinamerika und den rohstoffexportierenden Ländern werden Wachstumsprozesse durch den Zustrom von Kapital getrieben. Diese Entwicklungsstrategie habe aber auch Schattenseiten. Die Frequenz und Dimension von Krisen sei gestiegen. Dies könne mit der Flucht volatilen Kapitals in die entwickelten Kapitalmärkte enden. Michael Knogler, Osteuropa-Institut, Regensburg, wirft einen Blick auf das osteuropäische Aufholmodell eines exportorientierten Wachstums, mit einem kreditfinanzierten Technologieimport als Entwicklungsstrategie. Dies führte dazu, dass das Wachstum in den Jahren ab 2002 von Investitionen und Krediten aus den westlichen Ländern abhängig war. Als Folge der Finanzkrise könnten westliche Kreditgeber ihre Auslandsengagements zurückfahren, so dass eine Verlangsamung des Konvergenzprozesses wahrscheinlich sei. Klaus-Jürgen Gern, Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Kiel, ist der Meinung, dass die Schwellenländer, zumindest eine bestimmte Gruppe, den vor der Krise erreichten Wachstumspfad weiter verfolgen können. Für eine stärkere Abkoppelung der Schwellenländer vom Wachstum in den Industrieländern sei jedoch eine Stärkung der Binnennachfrage vor allem in den Schwellenländern, deren Wachstum bislang exportgetrieben war, notwendig.Finanzmarktkrise, Weltwirtschaft, Wirtschaftswachstum, Osteuropa, Industriestaaten, Schwellenländer, EU-Staaten

Computed tomography derived bone density measurement in the diabetic foot

Background: The accurate and reliable measurement of foot bone density is challenging and there is currently no gold standard technique. Such measurement is particularly valuable in populations at risk of foot bone pathology such as in those with long term diabetes. With research and development, computed tomography may prove to be a useful tool for this assessment. The aim of this study was to establish the reliability of a novel method of foot bone density measurement in people with diabetes using computed tomography. Methods: Ten feet in people with diabetes were scanned with computed tomography twice with repositioning. Bone density (in Hounsfield units) was assessed in the trabecular and cortical bone in all tarsals and metatarsals. Reliability was assessed with intra-class correlation coefficients (95% confidence intervals), limits of agreement and standard error of measurement. Results: The reliability of the trabecular density of most bones was excellent with intra-class correlation coefficients ranging from 0.68 to 0.91. Additionally, cortical bone density showed fair to good reliability at the talus (0.52), calcaneus (0.59), navicular (0.70), cuboid (0.69), intermediate cuneiform (0.46) and first metatarsal (0.61). Conclusions: The study established the reliability of a practical method of assessing the trabecular and cortical foot bone density using computed tomography scanning. This methodology may be useful in the investigation of foot bone disease occurring in diabetes and its early diagnosis, intervention and assessment of treatment efficacy. Further development of this method is warranted

Law in East Florida 1783-1821

Using primary sources from the East Florida Papers, this article explores colonial legality in St. Augustine and the Province of East Florida during the second Spanish period from 1783 to 1821. In addition to discussing the promulgation of the Constitution of Cádiz and its effects, the article reaches into legal records dealing with civil and testamentary cases to explore and to describe aspects of private law in this North American Spanish colony. Economic and social relations are revealed in the sources that are rich in legal information concerning slavery, family, religion, trade, and landholding. The article concludes that the sources are worthy of more detailed study that may shed light on these topics and may establish new paths in the historiography of law in North American Spanish colonies

Judges for British Subjects in Spanish East Florida

In 1784, the sovereignty of St. Augustine and East Florida was transferred to Spain. This study will address several aspects of Zéspedes’s reestablishment of Spanish sovereignty in East Florida. First, it presents the general structure of his government with a particular focus on legal institutions and derecho indiano. Second, it discusses Zéspedes’s legal solutions to Spanish rule in the context of a persistent British population in East Florida during the transition. These solutions included judges for British subjects and ad hoc proclamations from the governor in the absence of comprehensive instructions from the king

Florida\u27s First Constitution

The central square of St. Augustine, Florida, the Plaza de la Constitución, is not named for the United States Constitution. Instead, its name comes from Florida’s first constitution, the Spanish Constitution of Cádiz of 1812. Daily political life in Florida’s Spanish colonial cities was governed by this document, and cities like St. Augustine ordered their activities around the requirements, rights, and duties expressed in this constitution. The Constitution of Cádiz was the first truly transatlantic constitution because it applied to the entire Spanish empire, of which St. Augustine and Pensacola were just a part. It was drafted by representatives from around the empire who gathered in the southern Spanish city of Cádiz while Spain battled against Napoleonic forces. Even before Florida became a territory of the United States, it was subject to a constitution that divided government into the three branches so familiar to us all: legislative, executive, and judicial. The Constitution of Cádiz has many modern aspects that have become important throughout the world. The constitution recognized national sovereignty, required elections at all levels of government, made the legislature the central authority in government, and set out rights for the criminally accused. Other parts of the constitution reveal a much older world. The constitution has a large section on the king and the royal family, and maintains the Roman Catholic Church as the state religion. This constitution governed Spanish Florida from 1812 to 1815 and then again from 1820 until 1821, when Spain turned Florida over to the United States. Mirow explains the importance of this document to the Spanish colonial world and to Florida. He describes some of the most interesting features of the constitution and its promulgation in St. Augustine. A fresh and authoritative translation of the entire constitution in provided along with the constitution’s original text in Spanish.https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/faculty_books/1004/thumbnail.jp

Pre-constitutional Law and Constitutions: Spanish Colonial Law and the Constitution of Cádiz

This article contributes to the intellectual and legal history of this constitutional document. It also provides a close study of how pre-constitutional laws are employed in writing constitutions. It examines the way Spanish colonial law, known as derecho indiano in Spanish, was used in the process of drafting the Constitution and particularly the way these constitutional activities and provisions related to the Americas. The article asserts that this pre-constitutional law was used in three distinct ways: as general knowledge related to the Americas and their institutions; as a source for providing a particular answer to a specific legal question; and in the debates about how grounded the Constitution is in historical sources and laws, its historicity. Although the example is drawn from Spanish colonial law and the Constitution of Cádiz, the general methodology will likely be appealing to others working in the fields of comparative constitutional law and constitutional history