Why Judges Can do with Impunity what they Want?

K napsání tohoto článku vedly autora zkušenosti z posledních cca tří let v „boji“ se soudci různých stupňů. Předem uvádím, že se nejedná o soudce obecně, ale pouze o ty, kteří si myslí, že jsou jediní, kdo ví a mají patent na to, jak má vypadat fakturac

ANALYSIS OF FAMILIES OF NONIUS BREED IN SLOVAKIA

Cieľom práce bolo uskutočniť analýzu génovej rezervy plemena Nonius z hľadiska uplatnenia jednotlivých rodín v chove tohto plemena na Slovensku. Pri vyhodnocovaní uplatnenia jednotlivých rodín sme hodnotili dĺžku pôsobenia konkrétnej rodiny v chove, počet chovných kobýl v rodine do súčasnosti, počet generácií v rodine do súčasnosti a počet chovných kobýl rodiny zaradených v súčasnosti do génovej rezervy. Ďalej sme porovnávali hodnoty základných telových mier a výsledky skúšok výkonnosti dosiahnuté v konkrétnych rodinách. Z dosiahnutých výsledkov sme zistili, že na Slovensku pôsobí 14 rodín plemena Nonius, v chove bolo zaradených 34 kobýl. Najlepšie hodnotenie mala rodina 597 Nonius XVI-15. Z výsledkov môžeme konštatovať, že úroveň chovu tohto plemena za posledné desaťročie výrazne vzrástla, čím sa odvrátila cesta likvidácie Noniusa na Slovensku.The aim of study was to analyze gene reserve of Nonius breed, from a point of families´ used in breeding in Slovakia. In evaluation of separated families, the length of impact of family in breed, number of breeding mares in family to present, number of generations in family to present and the number of breeding mares inserted to gene reserve was measured. Also the basic body measurements and the results of exams of performance in families were evaluated. From our results it could be concluded that in Slovakia 14 families of breed Nonius are effective and 34 mares are inserted in breeding. The family 597 Nonius XVI - 15 has the best evaluation. From the results, we can state, that the level of this breed has increased in last 10 years. On the other hand, destroy of Nonius was warded off in Slovakia

The Comparison of Innovations in Slovakian Forestry between 2002 and 2010 - a Shift to Multifunctionality?

Background and Purpose: Innovations play an important role in multifunctional forestry due to changing demands for forest goods and services. The multifunctionality can be a result of a joint provision of several outputs from individual forest holding or specialized forest activities. The goal of this paper is to make a comparative analysis from data obtained in two surveys in 2002 and 2010 related to innovations in forest enterprises. The main focus was on ownership, size, and management strategy of forest. Materials and Methods: The paper presents the results of two surveys on innovation in the years 2002 and 2010 with more than 250 representatives - owners/managers of Slovak forest enterprises. The questionnaire in 2002 was sent out by regular mail in the random sample of 1072 forest owners and managers. The response rate was 25 % (in total 279 respondents). The response rate in 2010 was 37 %, and the number of valid responses was 254. The willingness of forest managers to implement innovation was evaluated in the context of different sizes of forest holdings, management strategies and property conditions. Log linear statistics models (Pearson Chi-square) were applied using the software Statistica for data analysis and Microsoft Excel to present the results. Results: This paper presents the development of innovations in order to reach the multifunctionality on the case of Slovakian forestry. Product innovations have doubled from 17 % in 2002 to 34 % in 2010. Large-sized holdings are significantly (p < 0.01) more engaged in innovation and are offering new products. The highest overall innovation activity is revealed in the state-owned enterprises, intermediary in the municipal forests, and the lowest in the private holdings. Forest managers who realized the benefits of innovation were “profit increasing” oriented. Forest managers who did not realize the benefits of implementing innovations preferred conservative management goals - the capital maintenance. The innovative behaviour of managers depends significantly on forest managers’ goals and their strategy (p < 0.05). The comparison between the two periods shows that innovation activity has increased from technological innovation to products and services. Wood still remains the main product of forest holdings, but compared to 2002, the importance of bio energy becomes visible. Conclusions: Results show that innovation activity has increased during the time. There was a shift towards innovation from 2002 to 2010 which is visible in the successful innovation cases

Effects of thermal annealing as polymer processing step on poly(lactic acid)

Thermal annealing as an additional polymer processing step or post-treatment processing step enables the structural changes of amorphous parts into crystalline parts. This paper investigates the feasibility of thermal annealing at 100°C up to 90 min used as an additional processing step to modify the crystalline structure and the thermo-mechanical stability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Moreover, the crystallization ability of PLA has been amended by the addition of 3 wt% of wood flour and kaolin. The values of the degree of crystallinity and lamellar thickness determined by wide-angle-X-ray scattering showed that the thermal annealing of PLA samples modified with nucleating agents was an efficient processing step to increase the final crystallinity of PLA. Moreover, altered crystalline structure helped to improve the thermomechanical stability of PLA. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis.European Regional Development Fund (EFRE); province of Upper Austria through program IWB 2014-2020 - Upper Austria, project BioRest; project Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TACR) "Centre of Advanced Polymeric and Composite Materials" - Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic [TE 01020216]; Program NPU I - Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic [LO1504]; project "Materials Research Centre - Sustainability and Development" - Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic [LO1211

Ecosystem Services – Examples of Their Valuation Methods in Czech Republic and Slovakia

This literature review deals with the understanding of ecosystem services related to the question of their applicability and appropriate methods for their valuation. We distinguish between ecological valuation methods that aim to assess the significance of landscape characteristics, conventional economic, i.e. monetary valuation and non-monetizing valuation or assessment. Ecological evaluation methods derive values by following a cost of production approach which neglects consumer preferences. Economic valuation methods focus on the exchange value of ecosystem services, i.e. they are based on consumer preferences, but do not adequately take into account the complex internal structure of ecosystems. We conclude that – from the view of implementation of ecosystem services for policy support and consulting – successful valuation approaches should particularly consider the relationships between economic, ecological and social aspects of ecosystem services’ provision

Projecting Climate Change Potential of Harvested Wood Products under Different Scenarios of Wood Production and Utilization: Study of Slovakia

The forestry and forest-based sector play a significant role in climate change mitigation strategies and can contribute to the achievement of a climate-neutral economy. In this context, the ability of harvested wood products (HWP) to sequester carbon is of significant importance. The objective of this work is to make a projection of climate change mitigation potential of HWP, under different scenarios of wood utilization in Slovakia. This study builds on the comparison of different scenarios of industrial wood utilization till 2035 and presents the resulting impacts on the national carbon balance. The results suggest that the development of timber supplies after 2020 in Slovakia will be influenced, in particular, by the future changes in the age distribution and tree species composition as well as the extent of future accidental felling. Consequently, a predicted structure and availability of wood resources in Slovakia will be reflected in a higher share of the production of products with shorter life cycle and thus will negatively affect the carbon pool in HWP. By comparing the results of the four designed scenarios, it follows that the scenario with the greatest mitigation potential, is the one assuming the optimal use of wood assortments and limitation of industrial roundwood foreign trade

Changes in Carbon Balance of Harvested Wood Products Resulting from Different Wood Utilization Scenarios

The bioeconomy focuses on the production of renewable biological resources and the utilisation of these resources and waste streams into value added products. One of the most important aims of the forest industry is the sustainable production of wood. Improved utilization of available industrial wood assortments generates profit for all in the supply chain. At the same time, it may ensure the production of long-life harvested wood products (HWP), and consequently, increase the volume of carbon stored. The objective of this study is to compare different scenarios of industrial wood utilization in Slovakia and the resulting impacts on the national carbon balance. In the proposed scenarios, we aimed to evaluate changes in the current utilization of domestic wood resources through optimizing harvested wood assortments. Two inventory stock methods were applied to determine the potential quality of domestic wood and its utilization through appropriate distribution of outputs. The model scenario assumes that the higher share of industrial roundwood utilised to produce long-life HWP (sawnwood, wood-based panels) will increase carbon sequestration in HWP. Other scenarios quantify the differences between the carbon volumes stored in HWP using the modelled wood assortment supplemented with alternatives with and without export. The results confirmed that increasing the level of carbon stored in HWP can be achieved by changing the wood assortment structure, while maintaining the same level of volume felled. The highest level of carbon stock was observed in the scenario assuming the optimal structure of wood assortments and no wood export. The scenario that optimized wood assortments and excluded wood exports resulted in the highest level of predicted carbon stock, estimated at 4.87 million tons (mil. tons)