Variability of phyllochron and dry matter accumulation in different wheat and barley genotypes

Prinos zrna predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih i najsloženijih osobina u oplemenjivanju biljaka. Poznavanje razvića, rastenja i akumulacije suve materije, omogućava pravilan odabir genotipova i odgovarajuće tehnologije gajenja. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se izvrši ispitivanje filohrona, akumulacije i translokacije suve materije nadzemnog dela biljaka, prinosa zrna i komponenti prinosa, različitih genotipova ozime pšenice i ječma sejanih u više rokova setve i vegetacionih sezona. Zatim da se utvrdi odgovarajuća jednačina koja opisuje akumulaciju suve materije i pojavu listova na glavnom stablu ječma i pšenice u funkciji sume temperatura tokom različitih rokova setve i vegetacionih sezona. U ogled je bilo uključeno po šest genotipova ozimog dvoredog ječma i ozime pšenice različitog porekla, pedigrea i agronomskih osobina, sejanih dve sezone u četiri roka setve. Sredinom cvetanja i u punoj zrelosti, uzeto je 10 slučajno odabranih biljaka. Na uzetim biljkama određena je masa pojedinačnih organa i komponente prinosa, kao i translokacija suve materije i doprinos asimilata akumuliranih pre cvetanja u masi zrna. Za utvrđivanje filohrona i ukupnog broja listova, dva puta nedeljno se očitavao broj listova na obeleženim biljkama tokom čitave sezone. Istovremeno se uzimao i uzorak od pet biljaka u cilju praćenja akumulacije suve materije. Sezona, rok setve i sorta su imali značajan uticaj na variranje ukupnog broja listova i filohrona kod ječma i pšenice. U proseku, sorte ječma su formirale više listova u odnosu na pšenicu, dok se pšenica karakteriše dužim filohronom. Kasnija setva dovela je do značajnog smanjenja broja listova i skraćenja filohrona kod obe vrste. U zavisnosti od sezone, roka setve, sorte i njihove interakcije menjala se i biomasa biljaka u cvetanju i prinos zrna. Translokacija suve materije je bila u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa biomasom biljaka u cvetanju. Akumulacija biomase nadzemnog dela biljaka tokom sezone, pratila je tipičan sigmoidni obrazac u svim kombinacijama rokova setve i sorti. Od tri posmatrane nelinearne jednačine, Logistička jednačina se pokazala najprikladnijom za opisivanje akumulacije suve materije tokom sezone kod ječma i pšenice. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na značaj vegetativne mase biljaka u cvetanju, koja predstavlja bitan izvor asimilata za translokaciju u zrno. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da je tokom oplemenjivanja strnih žita, neophodno stvarati genotipove sa većim brojem listova koji bolje nakupljaju biomasu, odnosno genotipove koji će u optimalnom roku setve, imati usklađen fenološki razvoj sa agroekološkim uslovima u području Panonske nizije.Grain yield is one of the most important and complex traits in plant breeding. Knowledge about crop development, growth and dry matter accumulation enables the appropriate selection of genotypes and field technology. The aims of this study were to investigate the variability of phyllochron, dry matter accumulation and translocation, grain yield and yield components of various wheat and barley genotypes, in relation to the sowing date and growing season. Furthermore, the goal was to find the equation that would appropriately describe dry matter accumulation and leaf appearance of wheat and barley. Six winter barley and six winter wheat genotypes, characterized by different origin, pedigree and agronomic traits, were sown in two growing seasons across four sowing dates. At the anthesis and physiological maturity, 10 randomly selected plants were manually cut at ground level. Dry mass of different plant organs, yield components, dry matter translocation and contribution of pre-heading dry matter to grain yield were determined. To determine the leaf number and phyllochron, measuring was done according to the Haun scale on three tagged plants per replication three times per week. Also, samples consisting of five plants were collected to determine dry matter accumulation. Growing season, sowing date and variety had significant influence on the final leaf number and phyllochron of wheat and barley. At average, barley varieties had more leaf compared to wheat, while wheat had higher phyllochron values. Late sowing reduced the final leaf number and phyllochron in both barley and wheat. Furthermore, growing season, sowing date, variety and sowing date × variety interaction had significant influence on crop biomass at anthesis and grain yield. Dry matter translocation was in positive correlation with dry matter content at anthesis. Dry matter accumulation across growing seasons had a typical sigmoid pattern in every combination of sowing date and variety. Among studied models, the logistic equation was the most appropriate for description of dry matter accumulation in wheat and barley. Results from this study highlight the importance of dry matter content at anthesis, which represent a significant source of assimilates for translocation into the grain. These results indicated that during the selection of small grain cereals, it is necessary to develop genotypes characterized by higher leaf number and increased biomass, i.e. genotypes that in optimal sowing dates, have an adjusted phenological development to the agro-ecological conditions of the Panonian plane

Varijabilnost filohrona i akumulacije suve materije različitih genotipova pšenice i ječma

Grain yield is one of the most important and complex traits in plant breeding. Knowledge about crop development, growth and dry matter accumulation enables the appropriate selection of genotypes and field technology. The aims of this study were to investigate the variability of phyllochron, dry matter accumulation and translocation, grain yield and yield components of various wheat and barley genotypes, in relation to the sowing date and growing season. Furthermore, the goal was to find the equation that would appropriately describe dry matter accumulation and leaf appearance of wheat and barley. Six winter barley and six winter wheat genotypes, characterized by different origin, pedigree and agronomic traits, were sown in two growing seasons across four sowing dates. At the anthesis and physiological maturity, 10 randomly selected plants were manually cut at ground level. Dry mass of different plant organs, yield components, dry matter translocation and contribution of pre-heading dry matter to grain yield were determined. To determine the leaf number and phyllochron, measuring was done according to the Haun scale on three tagged plants per replication three times per week. Also, samples consisting of five plants were collected to determine dry matter accumulation. Growing season, sowing date and variety had significant influence on the final leaf number and phyllochron of wheat and barley. At average, barley varieties had more leaf compared to wheat, while wheat had higher phyllochron values. Late sowing reduced the final leaf number and phyllochron in both barley and wheat. Furthermore, growing season, sowing date, variety and sowing date × variety interaction had significant influence on crop biomass at anthesis and grain yield. Dry matter translocation was in positive correlation with dry matter content at anthesis. Dry matter accumulation across growing seasons had a typical sigmoid pattern in every combination of sowing date and variety. Among studied models, the logistic equation was the most appropriate for description of dry matter accumulation in wheat and barley. Results from this study highlight the importance of dry matter content at anthesis, which represent a significant source of assimilates for translocation into the grain. These results indicated that during the selection of small grain cereals, it is necessary to develop genotypes characterized by higher leaf number and increased biomass, i.e. genotypes that in optimal sowing dates, have an adjusted phenological development to the agro-ecological conditions of the Panonian plane.Prinos zrna predstavlja jednu od najznačajnijih i najsloženijih osobina u oplemenjivanju biljaka. Poznavanje razvića, rastenja i akumulacije suve materije, omogućava pravilan odabir genotipova i odgovarajuće tehnologije gajenja. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se izvrši ispitivanje filohrona, akumulacije i translokacije suve materije nadzemnog dela biljaka, prinosa zrna i komponenti prinosa, različitih genotipova ozime pšenice i ječma sejanih u više rokova setve i vegetacionih sezona. Zatim da se utvrdi odgovarajuća jednačina koja opisuje akumulaciju suve materije i pojavu listova na glavnom stablu ječma i pšenice u funkciji sume temperatura tokom različitih rokova setve i vegetacionih sezona. U ogled je bilo uključeno po šest genotipova ozimog dvoredog ječma i ozime pšenice različitog porekla, pedigrea i agronomskih osobina, sejanih dve sezone u četiri roka setve. Sredinom cvetanja i u punoj zrelosti, uzeto je 10 slučajno odabranih biljaka. Na uzetim biljkama određena je masa pojedinačnih organa i komponente prinosa, kao i translokacija suve materije i doprinos asimilata akumuliranih pre cvetanja u masi zrna. Za utvrđivanje filohrona i ukupnog broja listova, dva puta nedeljno se očitavao broj listova na obeleženim biljkama tokom čitave sezone. Istovremeno se uzimao i uzorak od pet biljaka u cilju praćenja akumulacije suve materije. Sezona, rok setve i sorta su imali značajan uticaj na variranje ukupnog broja listova i filohrona kod ječma i pšenice. U proseku, sorte ječma su formirale više listova u odnosu na pšenicu, dok se pšenica karakteriše dužim filohronom. Kasnija setva dovela je do značajnog smanjenja broja listova i skraćenja filohrona kod obe vrste. U zavisnosti od sezone, roka setve, sorte i njihove interakcije menjala se i biomasa biljaka u cvetanju i prinos zrna. Translokacija suve materije je bila u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa biomasom biljaka u cvetanju. Akumulacija biomase nadzemnog dela biljaka tokom sezone, pratila je tipičan sigmoidni obrazac u svim kombinacijama rokova setve i sorti. Od tri posmatrane nelinearne jednačine, Logistička jednačina se pokazala najprikladnijom za opisivanje akumulacije suve materije tokom sezone kod ječma i pšenice. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na značaj vegetativne mase biljaka u cvetanju, koja predstavlja bitan izvor asimilata za translokaciju u zrno. Ovi rezultati ukazuju da je tokom oplemenjivanja strnih žita, neophodno stvarati genotipove sa većim brojem listova koji bolje nakupljaju biomasu, odnosno genotipove koji će u optimalnom roku setve, imati usklađen fenološki razvoj sa agroekološkim uslovima u području Panonske nizije

Analiza performansi novih eksperimentalnih genotipova ječma za prinos zrna pomoću AMMI biplota

Presence of GE interaction reduces the correlation between genotypic and phenotypic parameters and complicates progress of selection. Among several methods proposed for evaluation of the GE interaction, the AMMI model is one of the most commonly used. The objective of this study was to estimate the GE interaction in new barley lines using the AMMI model, and to identify winter barley genotypes with stable and high yield. Multi-location trials with 25 winter barley advanced lines were conducted at four locations. The AMMI model was used to estimate GE interaction. The AMMI analysis of variance indicated that the genotype, environment and GE interaction had significant influence (p lt 0,01) on barley grain yield. Based on AMMI method, G8 and G18 could be recommended for further testing due their high and stable yields.Interakcija GxE je izvor varijacije koji uključuje uticaj genotipa i faktora spoljašnje sredine, koji otežava izbor superiornih genotipova u procesu selekcije. AMMI analiza predstavalja metod koji se često koristi za ocenu interakcije genotip/sredina. Cilj ovog rada je ocena interakcije genotip/sredina pomoću AMMI modela, i identifikacija genotipova ozimog ječma sa visokim i stabilnim prinosom. Multilokacijski ogledi sa 25 superiornih linija ječma su posejani na četiri lokaliteta. AMMI analizom varijanse je utvrđeno da su genotip, sredina i interakcija genotip/ sredina imali signifikantan uticaj (p lt 0,01) na prinos ječma. Na osnovu AMMI analize, genotipovi G8 i G18 se mogu preporučiti za dalje testiranje usled njihovog visokog i stabilnog prinosa

Variation in nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat

Optimization of nitrogen fertilization to specific cultivar requirements is a major objective for improvement of trade-offs between grain yield, environmental sustainability and maximum profitable production. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of nitrogen fertilization on grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of modern wheat cultivars in different growing seasons. The trials with eight winter wheat cultivars and seven topdressing nitrogen treatments were carried out in three successive growing seasons under rain-fed conditions of the southern Pannonian plain. The results from our study showed a significant variation in grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency among winter wheat cultivars when grown under different environmental and soil nitrogen level conditions. On average, grain yield ranged from 4961 to 6375 kg ha(-1) among winter wheat cultivars. Increase of N soil level resulted in significant grain yield increase and nitrogen use efficiency decrease compared to the control. In 2015/16, 2016/17, and 2017/18 growing seasons grain yield of winter wheat cultivars reached plateau at 156, 175, and 128 nitrogen soil level, respectively. Significant influence of cultivar by nitrogen fertilization interaction indicated that it is necessary to adjust nitrogen fertilization to each cultivar. Moreover, notable weather variability between different growing seasons is a major limiting factor for optimal nitrogen fertilizer application in winter wheat production under conditions of the Pannonian plain

Yield and content of nutrient elements in various cultivars of lettuce depending from production method

In order to examine the influence of cultivars and to estimate how mulching and plant covering with agrotextile affects the content of P, Ca, K, Mg and Mn in lettuce leaves this three-year experiment has been established. In the experiment, black and white plastic foil were used for mulching prior to planting, and agrotextile for plant covering after planting. The effect of each of them as well as their combination on the content of nutrients and yield of lettuce leaves was examined. There were six treatments in the experiment: control, black foil, white foil, black foil and agrotextile, white foil and agrotextile, and agrotextile. Mulching had a significant impact on yield, as well as the content of P, Ca, K, Mg and Mn in lettuce leaves in the three-year experiment. The highest yield was registered in the cultivar Nizzi in treatment with black plastic foil, compared to all cultivars and treatments. The largest P content was registered in the cultivar Sunstar (0.71%), while the smallest content was registered in the cultivar Sunny (0.59%). The Ca content ranged from 2.59% (Sunny) to 2.84% (Nizzi). The Mg content ranged from 0.46% in treatment with black foil to 0.70% in treatment with white foil. The content of Mn in lettuce leaves ranged from 60.99 mg kg(-1) in the cultivar Zeralda to 81.79 mg kg(-1) in the cultivar Devonia

Istina je kći vremena

In 1865, Gregor Mendel presented the lectures 'Experiments in Plant Hybridization' concerning his results from cross-breeding experiments with different types of garden pea, performed in his monastery garden in Brno. Mendel studied easily observed pairs of opposite traits, such as purple or white flower, and discovered dominant and recessive traits. He concluded that parents pass separate and distinct factors (today called genes) on to their offspring that are responsible for inherited traits. However, the scientific community did not understand that; indeed it was the beginning of what becomes genetics. The lectures published in 1866, Mendel sent to more than 30 biologists across Europe, but almost no one commented them. In the next 35 years, these papers were only three times cited. The genetics became more important at the beginning of the 20th century, when three different research groups (Hugo de Vries, Carl Erich Correns and Erich von Tschermak with their co-workers) independently re-discovered Mendel's Laws of inheritance. However, as soon as the work was rediscovered, it created controversy. The closeness of Mendel's experimental observations to those predicted by his theories has led to numerous articles and ongoing debate about whether the data could have been obtained in the published form without some falsification. There have been many plausible arguments made for and against this view by a range of eminent geneticists and statisticians. Some have gone so far, as to suggest that the theories ensued from Mendel's two laws were not even correctly formulated in his original paper. The strongest supporters of Mendel's theory became biologist William Bateson and zoologist and geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan. Morgan argued that genes are located on chromosomes and that the cells chromosomes hold the actual hereditary material, thus created what is now known as classical genetics. For his discovery concerning the role play by the chromosome in heredity, Morgan received the Nobel Prize in 1933. As the architect of genetic experimental and statistical analysis, Mendel remains the acknowledged father of genetics.Rezultate ukrštanja različitih tipova vrtnog graška, koje je dobio u manastirskoj bašti u Brnu, Mendel je izneo 1865. godine u predavanju 'Eksperimenti u hibridizaciji biljaka'. Proučavajući osobine graška koje imaju lako prepozantljive dve alternative, kao što je npr. ljubičasta ili bela boja cveta, Mendel je otkrio dominantne i recesivne osobine. Zaključio je da roditelji prenose na svoje potomke posebne i različite faktore (koje danas nazivamo geni), koji su odgovorni za nasleđivanje osobina. Tadašnja naučna zajednica nije razumela da je to u stvari bio početak razvoja genetike. Predavanja su publikovana 1866. i Mendel ih je poslao na adresu više od 30 biologa širom Evrope, ali ih skoro niko nije komentarisao. U narednih 35 godina ovi radovi citirani su samo tri puta. Genetika je postala značajnija početkom 20. veka kada su istraživači iz tri različite istraživačke grupe (Hugo de Vries, Carl Erich Correns i Erich von Tschermak sa saradnicima), nezavisno jedan od drugih, ponovo otkrili Menedelove zakone. Međutim, odmah nakon ponovnog otkrića Mendelovih zakona došlo je do kontraverznih stavova. Mala odstupanja između eksperimentalnih i teorijskih frekvencija pokrenule su intenzivne debate o mogućnosti dobijanja takvih podataka, dok su neki izražavali sumnju da su podaci falsifikovani. Stavovi eminentnih statističara i genetičara u vezi Mendelove teorije kretali su se od njenog podržavanja do odbacivanja. Pojedinci su iznosili sumnju da teorije nisu pravilno postavljene ni u originalnom radu. Biolog Wiliam Bateson i zoolog i genetičar Thomas Hunt Morgan bili su najveće pristalice Mendelove teorije. Morgan je tvrdio da se geni nalaze na hromozomima, odnosno da hromozomi sadrže nasledni materijal, što je u suštini značilo promovisanje klasične genetike, za što je Morgan dobio Nobelovu nagradu. Kao osnivač genetičkih eksperimenata i statističke analize Mendel se smatra ocem genetike

Effect of growing season and variety on quality of spring two-rowed barley

Quality of barley consists of precisely defined grain quality attributes (grain weight, grading, grain protein concentration, etc.) and malt quality attributes (extract, viscosity, Kolbach index, etc.). Barley quality attributes are quantitatively inherited and greatly affected by environmental factors such as temperature, available water, nitrogen fertilizer and soil type. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of genotype and growing conditions (year) on grain and malt quality attributes in barley grown under field conditions in the Pannonian zone. The eight spring two-row barley varieties were studied during a seven growing seasons (1998-2004) on the location Novi Sad (45 degrees 20'N, 15 degrees 51'E, 86 m asl). The growing season predominantly affected variation of the all studied grain and malt quality attributes of spring barley where its percentage of variance was 35.2%, 20.2%, 32.5%, 25.4%, 30.9%, 31.2%, and 38.5% for grain weight (GW), grading (GRA), grain protein content (GPC), viscosity (VIS), Kolbach index (KOL), Hartong number (HAR) and extract content (EXT), respectively. The interaction of GxE comprised of 28.4%, 64.5%, 38.2%, 54.0%, 39.6%, 41.2% and 23.7% of variation for GW, GRA, GPC, VIS, KOL, HAR and EXT, respectively. The genetic component of variance ranged from 11.1% for GRA to 35.0% for EXT. The heritability was the lowest for GRA-0.54 and the highest for EXT-0.91. Across growing seasons GW ranged from 39.6 to 46.1g, GRA from 76.7 to 91.1%, GPC from 12.1 to 13.5g 100(-1)g dm, VIS from 1.44 till 1.61m. Ps, KOL from 32.5 to 42,9%, HAR from 31.9 to 45.9VZ 45 degrees C and EXT from 76.3 to 80.3% dm. Out of seven growing seasons EXT was acceptable in four ranging from79.2 to 81.4% dm. Although growing conditions in the Pannonian zone are less favorable for malting barley to western Europe it does not exclude malting barley production with acceptable quality in the Pannonian zone environments. The varieties Scarlett and Viktor performed quite acceptable quality in the Pannonian zone and may be recommended for commercial production in this region for malt industry.production in relatio

Comparative study of seed yield and seed quality of advanced lines and commercial varieties of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is one of the most important forage legumes in areas with acidic and nutrient poorer soils where alfalfa fails to growth. In 2010-2011 years period we studied four advanced lines and four commercial varieties of red clover, which are widely used in the production in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Our results showed that the variation in grain yield, thousand kernel weight and germination energy was under control of growth. Across genotypes seed yield in 2010 and 2011 was 205 and 223 kg ha(-1), respectively. The highest yield of seed was obtained from second growth in the second year. Extreme precipitation during anthesis and grain filling and ripening in 2010 negatively affected red clover seed production. Advanced line DS-2 had the highest grain yield (234 kg ha(-1)) and thousand kernel weight (1.75 g). Low seeds yields of the tested genotypes are questioning the cost-effectiveness of red clover seed production at this site

NS Zitos - nova sorta ozimog dvoredog ječma

At Institute of Field and Vegetable crops, plant breeders for a decade's are constantly developing new barley cultivars, which have better yield, quality and other agronomical traits then older barley varieties. At 2012 new winter malting barley cultivar NS Zitos was registered. The primary aim during creation of this variety was selection for barley quality, and to maintain yield and other agronomic traits at least at standard (control variety) level. Commission for the registration of varieties of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, conducted trial at multiple locations in two year, and it was found that the variety NS Zitos was distinct, uniform and stable cultivar, and had yield at all locations and in all year at standard (control variety) level, and better technological quality. In both trial years NS Zitos, had grain yield over 11000 kg per hectare at location Novi Sad, which indicates that this variety has a high genetic yield potential. NS Zitos is medium early winter barley cultivar, which is characterized by good resistance to lodging, large seeds size and greater thousand kernel weight.U Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, oplemenjivači ječma decenijama razvijaju nove sorte koje ne samo da imaju viši prinos, već bolji kvalitet i druge agronomske osobine u odnosu na starije varijetete ječma. Iz ovog programa je 2012. godine priznata nova sorta ozimog dvoredog pivskog ječma pod nazivom NS Zitos. Primaran cilj prilikom stvaranje ove sorte je bila selekcija u cilju poboljšanja kvaliteta, uz zadržavanje prinosa i drugih agronomskih osobina najmanje na nivou standarda. U dvogodišnjim ogledima Komisije za priznavanje sorti, koji su izvedeni na više lokaliteta, utvrđeno je da je sorta NS Zitos, različita, uniformna i stabilna, kao da je u proseku za sve lokalitete i godine ispitivanja ostvarila prinos zrna koji je na nivou standarda, a boljeg tehnološkog kvaliteta. NS Zitos je ostvario prinos od preko 11000 kg ha-1 na lokalitetu Novi Sad u obe godine ispitivanje, što ukazuje da ova sorta ima visok genetički potencijal prinosa. NS Zitos je srednje rana sorta ozimog pivskog ječma koja se odlikuje dobrom otpornošću na poleganje, krupnim semenom i većom masom 1000 zrna

Evaluation of Spring Barley Performance by Biplot Analysis

Unpredictable environmental conditions lead to occurrence of large genotype by environment (G x E) interaction. It reduces the correlation between genotypic and phenotypic values and complicates selection of superior genotypes. The objective of this study was to estimate genotype by year (G x Y) interaction using AMMI model, to identify spring barley genotypes with stable and high yield performance and to observe association of different meteorological variables with tested growing seasons. The trials with 15 spring barley genotypes were conducted during seven years (1999-2005) at the location of Rimski Sancevi. The results showed that the influence of year (Y), genotype (G) and G x Y interaction on barley grain yield were significant (p lt 0.01). Meteorological variables varied significantly from year to year and Y explained the highest percent of treatment variation (81%). The first three IPCA were significant and explained 83% of interaction variation. According to this study, it could be concluded that AMMI analysis provided an enhanced understanding of G x Y interaction in barley multi-years trials. Among the tested genotypes, LAV and NS 477 could be separated as highest yielding genotypes, however LAV could be recommended for further breeding program and large-scale production due to its stable and high yielding performance. It also provided better insight in specific association between spring barley grain yield and meteorological variables