DETERMINATION OF ARGININE AND ASCORBIC ACID IN EFFERVESCENT TABLETS BY MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHROMATOGRAPHY

This paper describes a fast and direct method for quantification of arginine and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in effervescent tablets. HPLC-UV multidimensional chromatography (RP18 and cyanopropyl columns) was developed and validated. Phosphate buffer 10 mMpH 3.4 was used as mobile phase. Satisfactory resolution between the drugs was obtained with analysis time less than 8.0 min. Method was linear in the ranges of 140-320 mg.mL-1 and 240-560 mg.mL-1 for arginine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Precision showed RSD <2.0%. Recovery was 99.5% and 100.0% for arginine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Robustness was confirmed through factorial analysis 22 (pH and mobile phase flow rate as factors).This paper describes a fast and direct method for quantification of arginine and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in effervescent tablets. HPLC-UV multidimensional chromatography (RP18 and cyanopropyl columns) was developed and validated. Phosphate buffer 10 mMpH 3.4 was used as mobile phase. Satisfactory resolution between the drugs was obtained with analysis time less than 8.0 min. Method was linear in the ranges of 140-320 mg.mL-1 and 240-560 mg.mL-1 for arginine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Precision showed RSD <2.0%. Recovery was 99.5% and 100.0% for arginine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Robustness was confirmed through factorial analysis 22 (pH and mobile phase flow rate as factors)

Sitagliptin phosphate: isolation and identification of two degradation products formed under acid conditions and determination of in vitro cytotoxicity

Sitagliptin phosphate (STG), used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, is a drug that belongs to a new class called inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV). It is known to be the first agent of the class approved by the FDA. Currently, many studies describe the determination of STG in plasma and pharmaceutical formulations but there are few studies on the drug stability. Forced degradation studies were conducted to isolate and identify the main degradation products. It was possible to observe the formation of two degradation products (DP1 and DP2) in hydrochloric 2.5M acid at 60°C. The structural characterization by UPLC-UV/MS of the degradation products was important to understand the degradation mechanism of STG under acid conditions. Purified degradation products were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity with a mononuclear cell assay. No cytotoxicity was observed at the concentration range of 10.0–250.0 µg.mL-1. The structural characterization of the degradation products was important to understand the degradation mechanism of STG under acid conditions. Today, there are some resolutions and consensus, national and international, which show the importance of knowing and identifying the degradation products and also to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of these molecules

Balancing the immune response in the brain: IL-10 and its regulation

Background: The inflammatory response is critical to fight insults, such as pathogen invasion or tissue damage, but if not resolved often becomes detrimental to the host. A growing body of evidence places non-resolved inflammation at the core of various pathologies, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. It is therefore not surprising that the immune system has evolved several regulatory mechanisms to achieve maximum protection in the absence of pathology. Main body: The production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 is one of the most important mechanisms evolved by many immune cells to counteract damage driven by excessive inflammation. Innate immune cells of the central nervous system, notably microglia, are no exception and produce IL-10 downstream of pattern recognition receptors activation. However, whereas the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 expression by innate and acquired immune cells of the periphery have been extensively addressed, our knowledge on the modulation of IL-10 expression by central nervous cells is much scattered. This review addresses the current understanding on the molecular mechanisms regulating IL-10 expression by innate immune cells of the brain and the implications of IL-10 modulation in neurodegenerative disorders. Conclusion: The regulation of IL-10 production by central nervous cells remains a challenging field. Answering the many remaining outstanding questions will contribute to the design of targeted approaches aiming at controlling deleterious inflammation in the brain.We acknowledge the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for providing a PhD grant to DLS (SFRH/BD/88081/2012) and a post-doctoral fellowship to SR (SFRH/BPD/72710/2010). DS, AGC and SR were funded by FEDER through the Competitiveness Factors Operational Programme (COMPETE) and National Funds through FCT under the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER007038; and by the project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). The MS lab was financed by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) funds through the COMPETE 2020—Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT in the framework of the project “Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences ” (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274). MS is a FCT Associate Investigator. The funding body had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data and in writing the manuscript

Validação de métodos analíticos e estudo preliminar de estabilidade da leflunomida

A leflunomida é um pró-fármaco anti-reumático encontrado na forma de comprimidos revestidos com nome comercial ARAVA que, in vivo, é rápida e extensamente convertida a seu metabólito ativo A77 1726. Considerando a ausência de metodologia de controle de qualidade na literatura para a leflunomida, foram desenvolvidos métodos de caracterização e quantificação da leflunomida matéria-prima e na forma de comprimido, além de estudo preliminar de sua estabilidade. As técnicas de ponto de fusão, espectroscopia no IV, RMN 1H e 13C e CLAE associada a detector de arranjo de diiodos foram utilizadas para identificação e caracterização da leflunomida. O A77 1726 foi sintetizado e caracterizado pelas técnicas de espectroscopia no IV, RMN 1H e 13C, CLAE e DSC. Foi desenvolvido e validado método analítico para quantificação da leflunomida em comprimidos por CLAE utilizando coluna C18, ACN:água (50:50) como fase móvel e detecção em 254 nm. O método apresentou parâmetros cromatográficos adequados e parâmetros de desempenho analítico satisfatórios, com limite de detecção de 10 ng/mL. Método por espectroscopia derivada no UV foi desenvolvido e validado como alternativa para quantificação da leflunomida em comprimidos. A comparação do método por UV derivada com a CLAE, para determinação da leflunomida em comprimidos, mostrou que os métodos são intercambiáveis, creditando a técnica de UV para testes de controle de qualidade de rotina. Foram realizados estudos de degradação forçada dos comprimidos de leflunomida submetendo amostras à temperatura de 80 ºC ou exposição à radiação UV a 254 nm com lâmpada germicida. O principal produto de degradação encontrado foi o A77 1726. Além disso, outro produto de degradação, com tempo de retenção de 5,5 min (CLAE), apresentou quantidades significativas no estudo de degradação térmica

Degradação forçada e análise fatorial para caracterização da estabilidade de formulações líquidas de carbocisteína

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade de xaropes contendo carbocisteína, submetidos à degradação forçada, utilizando Desenho Experimental Fatorial (DEF). Os fatores avaliados foram pH (5,0; 6,5; 8,0), presença ou ausência de EDTA dissódico e metabissulfito de sódio (0,1%). Para o estudo de degradação forçada, as formulações foram submetidas a estresse térmico (50 °C e 75% UR) e oxidação com peróxido de hidrogênio a 3%. Posteriormente, as formulações foram analisadas quanto ao pH, propriedades organolépticas e teor de fármaco por CLAE-UV, nos tempos 0, 15 e 35 dias. Os resultados mostraram que as formulações submetidas à degradação forçada sofreram uma diminuição no teor do fármaco, enquanto que o pH se manteve relativamente estável. Em relação a cor, apenas as formulações que não possuíam antioxidantes mostraram-se mais escuras. A análise dos resultados do DEF mostrou interação significativa (p<0,05) para os fatores pH/metabissulfito e EDTA/ metabissulfito. As formulações contendo metabissulfito em pH 5,0 apresentaram maior degradação e as formulações com metabissulfito sem EDTA também não foram eficientes para impedir a degradação da carbocisteína

Stability-indicating method for the analysis of amorolfine and its N-oxide degradation product

This work aimed to validate a stability-indicating method for determining amorolfine (AMF) in topical formulations by HPLC-DAD. The tailing factor, capacity factor, and theoretical plates were optimized by employing the desirability function. AMF was quantified in a hydrophilic formulation produced in our laboratory and Loceryl® cream and lacquer. Reverse-phase HPLC method with detection at 218 nm showed selectivity (peak purity&gt; 995), robustness (RSD &lt;2.0%), linearity (35–325 μg.mL-1), accuracy (≈100.0%), precision (RSD &lt;2.0%) and limit of quantitation of 750 ng.mL-1. Forced degradation of AMF in an oxidative medium containing hydrogen peroxide resulted in a degradation product that was purified and identified as an N-oxide. The degradation kinetics was pH-dependent

DETERMINATION OF ARGININE AND ASCORBIC ACID IN EFFERVESCENT TABLETS BY MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHROMATOGRAPHY

This paper describes a fast and direct method for quantification of arginine and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in effervescent tablets. HPLC-UV multidimensional chromatography (RP18 and cyanopropyl columns) was developed and validated. Phosphate buffer 10 mMpH 3.4 was used as mobile phase. Satisfactory resolution between the drugs was obtained with analysis time less than 8.0 min. Method was linear in the ranges of 140-320 mg.mL-1 and 240-560 mg.mL-1 for arginine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Precision showed RSD &lt;2.0%. Recovery was 99.5% and 100.0% for arginine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Robustness was confirmed through factorial analysis 22 (pH and mobile phase flow rate as factors).This paper describes a fast and direct method for quantification of arginine and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in effervescent tablets. HPLC-UV multidimensional chromatography (RP18 and cyanopropyl columns) was developed and validated. Phosphate buffer 10 mMpH 3.4 was used as mobile phase. Satisfactory resolution between the drugs was obtained with analysis time less than 8.0 min. Method was linear in the ranges of 140-320 mg.mL-1 and 240-560 mg.mL-1 for arginine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Precision showed RSD &lt;2.0%. Recovery was 99.5% and 100.0% for arginine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Robustness was confirmed through factorial analysis 22 (pH and mobile phase flow rate as factors)