Uso agrícola potencial de un subproducto (alperujo) de las industrias del aceite de oliva compostado con suelo

Context: Olive cake and olive mill wastewater are by-products of olive oil industries. Olive cake is not currently being exploited.Aims: To evaluate the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced in Allium cepa root meristems by olive cake in various preparations (aqueous dilutions of olive cake and mixtures of olive cake with soil before and after a composting process).Methods: Olive cake aqueous dilutions as well as fresh and composted olive cake - soil mixtures were obtained. Samples were assayed on Allium cepa L roots and the phenolic content was also determined.Results: Aqueous dilutions showed acute genotoxicity with a mitotic index dramatic reduction and a high number of cell abnormalities. Olive cake induced chromosome aberrations such as bridges, stickiness, and laggard chromosomes and cell aberrations such as strap, folded, giant and binucleated cells. Anomalies increase with polyphenol concentration, both in aqueous dilutions and in mixtures of olive cake ? soil without composting. Composted mixtures did not exhibit cell toxicity up to 10% of olive cake although they can decrease the mitotic index, which would produce a reduction in plant growth.Conclusions: Results indicate the varied behavior of olive cake according to sample preparation and suggest the possible use of this by-product incorporated to soils and subjected to composting.Contexto: El alperujo es un subproducto de las industrias del aceite de oliva, el cual, actualmente, no está siendo explotado. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la citotoxicidad y genotoxicidad inducida en meristemas de raíces de Allium cepa por alperujo en diferentes preparados (diluciones acuosas de alperujo y mezclas de alperujo con suelo, antes y después de un proceso de compostado). Métodos: Se prepararon diluciones acuosas de alperujo así como mezclas frescas y compostadas de alperujo-suelo. Las muestras fueron analizadas sobre raíces de Allium cepa L. y se determinó, además, el contenido de compuestos fenólicos. Resultados: Las diluciones acuosas mostraron genotoxicidad aguda con una reducción drástica del índice mitótico y un alto número de anomalías celulares. El alperujo indujo aberraciones cromosómicas, tales como puentes, pegajosidad y cromosomas rezagados y aberraciones celulares como células alargadas, plegadas, gigantes y binucleadas. Las anomalías aumentaron con la concentración de polifenoles tanto en diluciones acuosas como en mezclas de alperujo-suelo sin compostaje. Las mezclas compostadas no mostraron toxicidad celular hasta el 10% de la torta de oliva, aunque disminuyeron el índice mitótico, lo cual produciría una disminución en el crecimiento de plantas. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican el diferente comportamiento del alperujo según la preparación de las muestras e indican el posible uso de este subproducto incorporado a suelos y sometido a compostajeFil: Hammann, Ariadna. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Ybañez, Lorena Marisa. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca; ArgentinaFil: Isla, Maria Ines. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Hilal, Mirna Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Effect of host plant chemistry on genetic differentiation and reduction of gene flow among Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations exploiting sympatric, synchronic hosts

Herbivore host specialization includes changes in behaviour, driven by locally-induced adaptations to specific plants. These adaptations often result in sexual isolation that can be gauged through detection of reduced gene flow between host associated populations. Hypothetically, reduced gene flow can be mediated both by differential response to specific plant kairomones and by the influence of larval diet on some adult traits such as pheromone composition. These hypotheses could serve as a model to explain rapid radiation of phytophagous tephritid fruit flies, a group that includes several complexes of cryptic species. The South American Fruit Fly Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) is a complex of at least seven cryptic species among which pheromone mediated sexual isolation resulted in rapid differentiation. Cryptic species also exhibit differences in host affiliation. In search of a model explaining rapid radiation in this group, we studied host plant chemical composition and genetic structure of three host associated sympatric populations of A. fraterculus. Chemical composition among host plant fruit varied widely both for nutrient and potentially toxic secondary metabolite content. Adaptation to plant chemistry appears to have produced population differentiation. We found host mediated differentiation to be stronger between populations exploiting sympatric synchronic hosts differing in chemical composition, than between populations that exploit hosts that fruit in succession. Gene flow among such host associated populations was extremely low. We propose as a working hypothesis for future research, that for those differences to persist over time, isolating mechanisms such as male produced sex pheromones and female preferences resulting from adaptation to different larval diets should evolve.Fil: Oroño, Luis Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Invest.cientif.y Tecnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Catamarca; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Paulin, Laura Elisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Alberti, Andrea Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Hilal, Mirna Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.naturales E Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Ovruski Alderete, Sergio Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Vilardi, Juan Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Rull, Juan. Instituto de Ecologia; México;Fil: Aluja, Martin. Instituto de Ecologia; México

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Changes in soluble carbohydrates and related enzymes induced by low temperature during early developmental stages of quinoa () seedlings

Low temperature represents one of the principal limitations in species distribution and crop productivity. Responses to chilling include the accumulation of simple carbohydrates and changes in enzymes involved in their metabolism. Soluble carbohydrate levels and invertase, sucrose synthase (SS), sucrose-6-phosphate synthase (SPS) and á-amylase activities were analysed in cotyledons and embryonic axes of quinoa seedlings grown at 5 °C and 25 °C in the dark. Significant differences in enzyme activities and carbohydrate levels were observed. Sucrose content in cotyledons was found to be similar in both treatments, while in embryonic axes there were differences. Invertase activity was the most sensitive to temperature in both organs; however, SS and SPS activities appear to be less stress-sensitive. Results suggest that 1) metabolism in germinating perispermic seeds would be different from endospermic seeds, 2) sucrose futile cycles would be operating in cotyledons, but not in embryonic axes of quinoa seedlings under our experimental conditions, 3) low temperature might induce different regulatory mechanisms on invertase, SS and SPS enzymes in both cotyledons and embryonic axes of quinoa seedlings, and 4) low temperature rather than water uptake would be mainly responsible for the changes observed in carbohydrate and related enzyme activities.Fil: Rosa, Mariana Daniela. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet Noa Sur. Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Hilal, Mirna Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: González, Juan Antonio. Fundación Miguel Lillo. Dirección de Botánica. Instituto de Ecología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Prado, Fernando Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentin

Effects of mixtures made of alperujo (solid by-product of olive oil extraction) and soil, on bioindicators development (Eisenia andrei and Medicago sativa)

Solid wastes resulted from olive oil extraction represent an important environmental problem in Catamarca where they are generated in huge quantities, within short periods of time. These wastes are phytotoxic materials, but they contain valuable resources such as large proportions of organic matter that could improve soil productivity of these regions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact on soils, caused by the addition of alperujo to soils in different proportions, by using Medicago sativa and Eisenia Andrei as bioindicators. Mixtures were typical soil of the Central Valley of Catamarca with the addition of fresh alperujo in different proportions (0-30%). The assays were performed under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity for 10 days. Adult worm survival and the presence and number of other stages were analyzed. Additionally, Medicago sativa germination percentage and plant growth parameters were also recorded. Results revealed the survival of around 100% of the adult worms at 5 and 10% of alperujo/soil mixtures. Cocoons were found in soil without alperujo and alperujo/soil mixture 5%. The germination of M. sativa reached the 40 and 10% in alperujo/soil mixtures of 20 and 30% respectively; whereas the 5 and 10% mixtures showed no inhibition of the germination. The emergence was affected from 10% alperujo/soil mixture. The plant height decreased with the concentration of alperujo, the plants being exposed to 30% the most affected. We conclude that 5% of alperujo in these soils does not produce substantial changes on bioindicators, however, other studies would be needed to assess environmental waste.Fil: Hamman, A.. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Sachetti, L.. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Prado, Fernando Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales E Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Teisaire, E.. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales E Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Hilal, Mirna Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales E Instituto Miguel Lillo. Catedra de Fisiologia Vegetal; Argentin

Low-temperature effect on enzyme activities involved in sucrose-starch partitioning in salt-stressed and salt-acclimated cotyledons of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seedlings

The effect of low temperature on growth, sucrose-starch partitioning and related enzymes in salt-stressed and salt-acclimated cotyledons of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) was studied. The growth of cotyledons and growing axes in seedlings grown at 25/20 °C (light/dark) and shifted to 5/5 °C was lower than in those only growing at 25/20 °C (unstressed). However, there were no significant differences between low-temperature control and salt-treated seedlings. The higher activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS, EC 2.4.1.14) and soluble acid invertase (acid INV, EC 3.2.1.25) were observed in salt-stressed cotyledons; however, the highest acid INV activity was observed in unstressed cotyledons. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-GPPase, EC 2.7.7.27) was higher in unstressed cotyledons than in stressed ones. However, between 0 and 4 days the highest value was observed in salt-stressed cotyledons. The lowest value of ADP-GPPase was observed in salt-acclimated cotyledons. Low temperature also affected sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) activity in salt-treated cotyledons. Sucrose and glucose were higher in salt-stressed cotyledons, but fructose was essentially higher in low-temperature control. Starch was higher in low-temperature control; however, the highest content was observed at 0 day in salt-acclimated cotyledons. Results demonstrated that low temperature induces different responses on sucrose-starch partitioning in salt-stressed and salt-acclimated cotyledons. Data also suggest that in salt-treated cotyledons source-sink relations (SSR) are changed in order to supply soluble sugars and proline for the osmotic adjustment. Relationships between starch formation and SuSy activity are also discussed.Fil: Rosa, Mariana Daniela. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Hilal, Mirna Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: González, Juan Antonio. Fundación Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Prado, Fernando Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Anatomical and physiological responses of four quinoa cultivars to salinity at seedling stage

Premise of research. Salinity constitutes a stress factor that limits plants growth and development. It is known that salinity shows most damaging effects on plant development during the seedling stage. Therefore, comparison of salt tolerance among cultivars/varieties of crop species at seedling stage constitutes a very important topic to agricultural sustainability. Methodology. In this work, anatomical and physiological features of cotyledons and roots of four quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivars subjected to saline stress were analyzed. Pivotal results. There were no visible symptoms associated to salt damage. But several changes at both tissular and cellular organization levels were observed. Anatomical attributes of cotyledons (e.g. adaxial and abaxial stomatal area and density, palisade and spongy cell layers, and palisade cell density) and roots (root length and diameter, stele diameter and surface, and metaxylem vessel diameter) were differently affected by saline treatment among quinoa cultivars. Accumulation of compatible osmolites i.e. soluble sugars and proline showed different patterns in both cotyledons and roots of salt-treated seedlings. Conclusions. Anatomical and physiological results of this study permit establish that different strategies to face saline stress occurring at different combinations among quinoa cultivars, but conferring a similar fitness to cope salt toxicity and also survive under extreme conditions.Fil: Prado, Fernando Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - Tucumán. Unidad Ejecutora Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Hilal, Mirna Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Albornoz, Patricia Liliana. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Gallardo, Miriam. Fundación Miguel Lillo; ArgentinaFil: Ruíz, Verónica. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Cs.agrarias. Departamento de Producción Vegetal. Cátedra de Cultivos Extensivos; Argentin

Synergistic antifungal activity of sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and cupric sulfate against penicillium digitatum

Oxidizing compounds such as sodium hypochlorite (NaCIO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) are widely used in food sanitization because of their antimicrobial effects. We applied these compounds and metals to analyze their antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum, the causal agent of citrus green mold. The MICs were 300 ppm for NaCIO and 300 mM for H2O2 when these compounds were individually applied for 2 min to conidia suspensions. To minimize the concentration of these compounds, we developed and standardized a sequential treatment for conidia that resulted in loss of viability on growth plates and loss of infectivity on lemons. The in vitro treatment consists of preincubation with 10 ppm of NaCIO followed by incubation with 100 mM H2O2 and 6 mM CuSO4 (cupric sulfate). The combination of NaCIO and H2O2 in the presence of CuS04 produces a synergistic effect (fractional inhibitory concentration index of 0.36). The sequential treatment applied in situ on lemon peel 24 h after the fruit was inoculated with conidia produced a significant delay in the fungal infection. The in vitro treatment was effective on both imazalil-sensitive and imazalil-resistant strains of P. digitatum and Geotrichum can-didum, the causal agent of citrus sour rot. However, this treatment inhibited 90% of mycelial growth for Penicillium italicum (citrus blue mold). These results indicate that sequential treatment may be useful for postharvest control of citrus fruit diseases. Copyright ©, International Association for Food Protection.Fil: Cerioni, Luciana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Rapisarda, Viviana Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Hilal, Mirna Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Prado, Fernando Eduardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Cátedra de Fisiología Vegetal; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rodríguez Montelongo, Luisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas; Argentin