Cameras to the people:Reclaiming local histories and restoring environmental justice in community based forest management through participatory video

We discuss how “participatory video” (PV) can help with indigenous peoples’ needs for cultural reassertion as well as with creating opportunities for restoring environmental justice in their territories when community-based natural resource management and autonomous development themselves have become issues of local contention.The story we share is the one of the Monkox people of Lomerio, Bolivia, who recently started using video cameras to reconstruct the struggle for land rights in their territory and to document tensions around community forestry management as part of a participatory research project with the Universidad NUR from Santa Cruz, Bolivia, and the School of International Development (DEV) from the University of East Anglia (UEA). As we will see, participatory videos can have great power as part of an activist and practise based approach for environmental justice research

Fair ways to share benefits from community forests? How commodification is associated with reduced preference for equality and poverty alleviation

This research is concerned with the trend towards commodification of forestry, in the context of community forest governance for sustainable development in the tropics. In these contexts, commodification takes different forms, including sales of certified timbers and sales of carbon credits. In addition to the general aim to enhance income, these market-based forestry interventions typically aim to align with sustainable development agendas, including a) safeguarding ecological integrity and b) promoting poverty alleviation. Our concern here is that the process of forest commodification might lead to a shift in local norms of benefit-sharing, in ways that can hinder these key components of sustainable development goals. We report the results of a survey (N=519) conducted across sites in Bolivia, China and Tanzania that shows that switching from non-monetary to monetary benefits is associated with changes in preferences for distributional fairness in ways that may be detrimental to the poor. In particular, we show that forest commodification is associated with a lower likelihood of of selecting pro-poor or egalitarian approaches to benefit sharing and higher likelihood of selecting to distribute benefits in a way that rewards individual contributions or compensates losses

The type of land we want:Exploring the Limits of Community Forestry in Tanzania and Bolivia

We explore local people’s perspectives of community forest (CF) on their land in Tanzania and Bolivia. Community forest management is known to improve ecological conditions of forests, but is more variable in its social outcomes. Understanding communities’ experience of community forestry and the potential benefits and burdens its formation may place on a community will likely help in predicting its sustainability as a forest and land management model. Six villages, two in Tanzania and four in Bolivia, were selected based on the presence of community forestry in varying stages. We found that communities were generally supportive of existing community forests but cautious of their expansion. Deeper explorations of this response using ethnographic research methods reveal that an increase in community forest area is associated with increasing opportunity costs and constraints on agricultural land use, but not an increase in benefits. Furthermore, community forests give rise to a series of intra- and inter-community conflicts, often pertaining to the financial benefits stemming from the forests (distribution issues), perceived unfairness and weakness in decision–making processes (procedure/participation), and also tensions over cultural identity issues (recognition). Our findings suggest that communities’ willingness to accept community forests requires a broader consideration of the multifunctional landscape in which it is embedded, as well as an engagement with the justice tensions such an intervention inevitably creates

Abordando la Justicia Ambiental desde la Transformación de Conflictos: experiencias en América Latina con Pueblos Indígenas

A pesar de que la justicia ambiental y la transformación de conflictos tienen muchos objetivos comunes, poco hablan la una con la otra. En este artículo tratamos de acercar a ambas ramas del conocimiento un través de una discusión del potencial que ofrece la teoría y práctica de la transformación de conflictos para el campo de la justicia ambiental. Para ello se basa en el marco de Transformación de Conflictos Socio-ambientales desarrollado por el Grupo Confluencias, un grupo de profesionales de América Latina que ha venido trabajando desde el 2005 como plataforma de deliberación, investigación conjunta y de desarrollo de capacidades en este tema. Un aspecto central de este marco es la atención prestada a la comprensión del papel que las dinámicas del poder y la cultura juegan en los conflictos ambientales y su transformación. Discutimos este marco e ilustramos su utilidad práctica a la luz de experiencias en marcha con pueblos indígenas en América Latina, donde el Grupo Confluencias ha venido desarrollando experiencias de transformación de conflictos socio-ambientales desde diferentes tipos de intervenciones que buscan impactar en el poder hegemónico, para ayudar a reducir las asimetrías e injusticias sociales que dan origen a los conflictos socio ambientales.Mostramos, en particular, la necesidad y la eficacia de impactar, simultáneamente o no, en tres diferentes esferas: las personas y redes, las instituciones y el poder cultural. Se demuestra que, a través del fortalecimiento del poder estratégico de actores vulnerables, es posible generar cambios sociales que redunden en mayor justiciaambiental y social en territorios indígenas

Engaging with environmental justice through conflict transformation: experiences in Latin America with Indigenous peoples

A pesar de que la justicia ambiental y la transformación de conflictos tienen muchos objetivos comunes, poco hablan la una con la otra. En este artículo tratamos de acercar a ambas ramas del conocimiento un través de una discusión del potencial que ofrece la teoría y práctica de la transformación de conflictos para el campo de la justicia ambiental. Para ello se basa en el marco de Transformación de Conflictos Socio-ambientales desarrollado por el Grupo Confluencias, un grupo de profesionales de América Latina que ha venido trabajando desde el 2005 como plataforma de deliberación, investigación conjunta y de desarrollo de capacidades en este tema. Un aspecto central de este marco es la atención prestada a la comprensión del papel que las dinámicas del poder y la cultura juegan en los conflictos ambientales y su transformación. Discutimos este marco e ilustramos su utilidad práctica a la luz de experiencias en marcha con pueblos indígenas en América Latina, donde el Grupo Confluencias ha venido desarrollando experiencias de transformación de conflictos socio-ambientales desde diferentes tipos de intervenciones que buscan impactar en el poder hegemónico, para ayudar a reducir las asimetrías e injusticias sociales que dan origen a los conflictos socio ambientales. Mostramos, en particular, la necesidad y la eficacia de impactar, simultáneamente o no, en tres diferentes esferas: las personas y redes, las instituciones y el poder cultural. Se demuestra que, a través del fortalecimiento del poder estratégico de actores vulnerables, es posible generar cambios sociales que redunden en mayor justicia ambiental y social en territorios indígenas. Although environmental justice and conflict transformation have many common goals, they rarely talk to each other. In this article we try to bring these two bodies of knowledge closer with a discussion of the contributions that the theory and practice of conflict transformation offer to the field of environmental justice. In order to do so, it draws on an Environmental Conflict Transformation framework developed by Grupo Confluencias, a consortium of professionals from Latin America, who have been working since 2005 as a platform for deliberation, joint research and capacity building on this topic. Central to this framework is the focus on understanding the role that power dynamics and culture play in environmental conflicts and their transformation. We discuss this framework and its practical use in the light of ongoing experiences with indigenous peoples in Latin America, where Grupo Confluencias has been developing conflict transformation processes that seek to impact on hegemonic powers, in order to reduce the asymmetries and injustices that give rise to environmental conflicts. We emphasize, in particular, both the need and efficacy to create impacts, simultaneously or not, in three different spheres: people and networks, institutions and cultural power. We show that, through strengthening the power of agency of vulnerable actors, it is possible to produce a change in favor of a greater social and environmental justice in indigenous peoples’ territories

Conservationists’ perspectives on poverty: an empirical study

1. Biodiversity conservation interventions have long confronted challenges of human poverty. The ethical foundations of international conservation, including conservation’s relationship with poverty, are currently being interrogated in animated debates about the future of conservation. However, while some commentary exists, empirical analysis of conservation practitioner perspectives on poverty, and their ethical justification, has been lacking thus far. 2. We used Q methodology complemented by more detailed qualitative analysis to examine empirically perspectives on poverty and conservation within the conservation movement, and compare these empirical discourses to positions within the literature. We sampled conservation practitioners in western headquartered organisations, and in Bolivia, China, Nepal and Uganda, thereby giving indications of these perspectives in Latin America, Asia and Africa. 3. While there are some elements of consensus, for instance the principle that the poor should not shoulder the costs of conserving a global public good, the three discourses elicited diverge in a number of ways. Anthropocentrism and ecocentrism differentiate the perspectives, but beyond this, there are two distinct framings of poverty which conservation practitioners variously adhere to. 4. The first prioritises welfare, needs and sufficientarianism, and is more strongly associated with the China, Nepal and Uganda case studies. The second framing of poverty focuses much more on the need for ‘do no harm’ principles and safeguards, and follows an internationalised human rights-oriented discourse. 5. There are also important distinctions between discourses about whether poverty is characterised as a driver of degradation, or more emphasis is placed on overconsumption and affluence in perpetuating conservation threats. This dimension particularly illuminates shifts in thinking in the 30 or so years since the Brundtland report, and reflecting new global realities. 6. This analysis serves to update, parse and clarify differing perspectives on poverty within the conservation, and broader environmental movement, in order to illuminate consensual aspects between perspectives, and reveal where critical differences remain

Challenges to intercultural democracy in the Plurinational State of Bolivia:case study of the Monkoxɨ peoples of Lomerío

The adoption of Bolivia's new political Constitution in 2009 marked the birth of a new plurinational state. One of the most important constitutional changes was a new state system of territorial division that recognises departmental, municipal, regional and indigenous autonomies as new plural forms of political organisation seeking to decentralise decision-making power and the management of public funds, wresting them away from central government. Whereas departmental, municipal and regional autonomy can apply within the pre-2009 territorial division of the state, simply being juxtaposed over former departments, municipalities or regions, indigenous autonomies pose a greater challenge, as they often overlap with more than one municipality or department and therefore necessitate greater institutional and legal change