7 research outputs found

    Sulfati, nitrati i kloridi u frakcijama različitih veličina lebdećih čestica

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    This paper describes a pilot study of chloride, nitrate, and sulphate content in thoracic and highrisk respirable fractions of airborne particles. Samples were collected at one measuring site in Zagreb in autumn 1998 and spring 1999. The results showed that almost total chloride, nitrate, and sulphate content was present in the respirable particle fraction. The average mass contribution of these pollutants to the particle mass amounted to 25%. Although chloride mass concentrations were quite low, the findings indicated that all pollutants originated from the same source.Istraživanja pokazuju da praćenje razina koncentracija samo ukupnih lebdećih čestica nije dostatno te da je povezanost negativnih zdravstvenih učinaka bolja s razinama koncentracija pojedinih frakcija veličina čestica i njihovih sastojaka. Prikazani su početni rezultati određivanja sadržaja klorida, nitrata i sulfata u inhalabilnoj i respirabilnoj frakciji lebdećih čestica mjerenih na jednome mjernom mjestu u Zagrebu tijekom jeseni 1998. i proljeća 1999. godine. Frakcije PM10 i PM2,5 lebdećih čestica skupljane su na membranskim filtrima uz izdvajanje nerespirabilnog dijela čestica iz uzorka uporabom impaktora. Masene koncentracije frakcija lebdećih čestica određene su gravimetrijski, dok su masene koncentracije u vodi topljivih sulfata, nitrata i klorida u frakcijama lebdećih čestica određene metodom ionske kromatografije. Rezultati pokazuju da se pretežni dio navedenih onečiŔćenja nalazi u respirabilnoj frakciji lebdećih čestica te da njihov doprinos ukupnoj masi čestica iznosi oko 25%. Iako su koncentracije klorida bile pretežito niske, moguće je zaključiti da sva navedena onečiŔćenja potječu pretežito iz istog izvora

    Utjecaj tipova vremena na razine koncentracija metala sadržanih u frakciji lebdećih čestica PM10 u atmosferi iznad Zagreba

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    This study investigates the influence of weather types found over the continental part of Croatia on daily PM10 concentrations and concentrations of metallic compounds in PM10 (namely manganese, lead and cadmium) in air during 2000ā€“2002 period. Pollutant concentrations were measured at the northern, residential part of Zagreb, far from major pollution sources. Weather types were determined from synoptic charts. In the employed categorization six different patterns were recognized: radiation weather type, high pressure ridge, precipitation weather type, southeastern advection, northeastern advection and wind weather type. The most frequently, elevated concentrations were related to radiation weather type and southeastern advection, while the lowest concentrations were recorded during the wind weather type. Obtained results generally suggest a major role of the local pollution sources, and particularly of the Zagreb industrial zone, in suspended particles/metallic compounds pollution. Since cadmium exhibits somewhat different behavior, the role of the long-range transport in cadmium pollution needs to be further investigated. Synoptic conditions favorable for elevated concentrations occurred in about 37% of investigated days. Typically, these conditions are characterized by 1) the weak winds and turbulence, and consequently, inefficient pollutant concentration dilution (the nighttime and wintertime radiative conditions); or 2) southeastern airflow (southeastern advection and daytime radiative conditions), which transports pollutants from industrial zone of Zagreb towards the measuring site. Due to the latter, particulate pollutants emitted in the industrial zone pass rather frequently above the eastern part of Zagreb.U radu je istražen utjecaj tipova vremena na dnevne koncentracije frakcije lebdećih čestica PM10 te olova, mangana i kadmija sadržanih u PM10 u razdoblju od 2000. do zaključno 2002. godine. Koncentracije su mjerene u sjevernom, rezidancijalnom dijelu Zagreba, podalje od većih izvora onečiŔćujućih tvari. Tipovi vremena (radijacijski, greben visokog tlaka, oborinski, vjetreni te jugoistočna i sjeverozapadna advekcija), određeni su na temelju sinoptičkih karata. PoviÅ”ene koncentracije primijećene su tijekom radijacijskoga tipa i jugoistočne advekcije, a najniže tijekom vjetrenoga tipa vremena. Rezultati općenito ukazuju na važnu ulogu lokalnih izvora onečiŔćenja, naročito industrijske zone. Kako je slika za kadmij donekle drugačija, u daljnjem radu potrebno je ispitati ulogu daljinskog prijenosa u onečiŔćenju kadmijem. Uvjeti koji pogoduju povićenim razinama onečiŔćenja dogodili su se tijekom promatranog razdoblja u 37% ispitanih dana, a općenito ih karakterizira: 1) slab vjetar i slaba turbulencija, odnosno slabo razrijeđivanje onečiŔćujuće tvari (noću i zimi tijekom radijacijskog tipa vremena), ili 2) jugoistočno strujanje (pri jugoistočnoj advekciji te danju tijekom radijacijskog tipa) koje prenosi polutante od industrijske zone prema mjernom mjestu. Stoga onečiŔćujuće tvari koje su emitirane u industrijskoj zoni prilično često prolaze nad istočnim dijelom Zagreba

    Iskustva akreditacije Instituta za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada

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    Accreditation in accordance with the international General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories (HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard) has become a widely accepted method of quality management and objective evidence of technical competence, knowledge, and skills of testing and calibration laboratories. In 2010, the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health (IMROH) had its management system accredited against the HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard for the following scopes: determination of radioactivity, testing of ambient air quality, and testing in the scope of ionising radiation protection. This accreditation encompassed three laboratories: Radiation Protection Unit, Environmental Hygiene Unit, and the Radiation Dosimetry and Radiobiology Unit. In accordance with the rules of the Croatian Accreditation Agency, the second re-accreditation is due in 2020. This paper describes and discusses the quality management system at IMROH over the ten years of its implementation. We share our experiences about non-conformities discovered during regular work, internal audits, and external audits performed by the Croatian Accreditation Agency. The accredited management system significantly improved the performance of the accredited units, and the Institute increased its visibility and marketing advantage, consequently improving its market position.Akreditacija u skladu sa zahtjevima međunarodnog standarda HRN EN ISO / IEC 17025 (Opći zahtjevi za osposobljenost ispitnih i umjernih laboratorija) postala je praktična i Å”iroko prihvaćena metoda upravljanja kvalitetom i objektivni dokaz tehničke osposobljenosti, znanja i vjeÅ”tina u ispitnim i umjernim laboratorijima. Institut za medicinska istraživanja I medicinu rada (IMROH) akreditirao je 2010. godine svoj sustav upravljanja u skladu sa zahtjevima HRN EN ISO / IEC 17025 norme za sljedeća područja primjene: određivanje radioaktivnosti, ispitivanja kvalitete zraka te ispitivanja u području zaÅ”tite od ionizirajućega zračenja. Akreditacija je obuhvaćala tri laboratorija: Jedinicu za zaÅ”titu od zračenja, Jedinicu za higijenu okoline i Jedinicu za dozimetriju zračenja i radiobiologiju. U skladu s pravilima Hrvatske akreditacijske agencije, u 2020. godini planira se druga reakreditacija Instituta. U radu je opisan sustav upravljanja kvalitetom u IMROH-u i iskustva stečena tijekom desetogodiÅ”njeg razdoblja. Analizirane su nesukladnosti otkrivene tijekom redovitog rada, u internim auditima te u vanjskim auditima koje je provodila Hrvatska akreditacijska agencija, tj. nacionalno akreditacijsko tijelo u Hrvatskoj. Može se zaključiti da je akreditirani sustav upravljanja značajno poboljÅ”ao rad uključenih akreditiranih jedinica, a Institut je povećao vidljivost na tržiÅ”tu i marketinÅ”ku prednost te posljedično poboljÅ”ao svoju tržiÅ”nu poziciju

    Mass Concentrations of Water-Soluble Ions in PM2.5_{2.5} Particle Fraction Measured at Urban Background Site in Croatia

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    Mass concentrations of PM2.5_{2.5} particle fraction, water-soluble anion species (Clāˆ’^{-}, NO3_{3}āˆ’^{-}, SO4_{4}2āˆ’^{2-}) and cation species (Na+^{+}, NH4_{4}+^{+}, K+^{+}, Mg2+^{2+}, Ca2+^{2+}) were determined, to investigated the relationship between pollutant mass concentrations, contribution of measured species to PM2.5_{2.5} mass and prediction of the pollutant sources. Daily PM2.5_{2.5} samples were taken over three years 2014 ā€“ 2016 at urban background site (UBS) in northern part of Zagreb, Croatia. Mass concentrations of PM2.5_{2.5} particle fraction were determined by gravimetry according to the standard HRN EN 14907:2006 (EN 14907:2005) and HRN EN 12341:2014 (EN 12341:2014). Water-soluble ionic species were analysed using Thermo Scientific ā€“ ICS 5000 Capillary ion chromatography. Annual average PM2.5_{2.5} mass concentration ranged from 19.6 Ī¼g māˆ’3^{-3} to 22.7Ī¼g māˆ’3^{-3} respectively. The annual average ion mass concentrations at UBS followed the order SO4_{4}āˆ’2^{-2} > NO3_{3}āˆ’^{-} > NH4_{4}+^{+} > K+^{+} > Ca2+^{2+} > Clāˆ’^{-} > Na+^{+} > Mg2+^{2+}, respectively, contributed from 26.5% to 31.5% to the overall PM2.5_{2.5} mass, respectively. Annual average mass ratios of (NO3_{3}āˆ’^{-})/(SO4_{4}2āˆ’^{2-}) obtained in PM2.5_{2.5} ranged from 0.76 to 1.07, respectively, indicating that mobile source emission was an important contributor to particle mass at UBS. The prediction of the pollutant sources, we ran the principal component analysis (PCA), which was performed using the STATISTICA 12.0 statistical packages. After varimax rotation, the obtained principal component factors were found to account for 95% of the variance. Factor loadings > 0.7 were considered significant

    Kruženje sumpora između terestričkog agroekosustava i atmosfere

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    Central gas station of the natural gas borehole system Podravina is located near the village Molve. It delivers more than a quarter of total energy used in Croatia to its consumers. Over the years, adapting technology to increasingly demanding and rigorous standards in environmental protection has become paramount. Yet, despite all the industry has undertaken to address the risk of harmful substances entering the food chain, a multidisciplinary research team of independent scientists monitors the content of specific substances in all components of the ecosystem. This paper presents measurements of total sulphur contents in soil surface [(0 to 3) cm] and subsurface [(3 to 8) cm] layers (study period: autumn 2006 - spring 2010) and in plants (study period: spring 2000 - spring 2010), and the concentration of gaseous sulphur compounds in the air. Concentrations of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and mercaptans (RSH) were measured from the summer of 2002 until the autumn of 2010, while concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) were measured from the spring of 2008 until the autumn of 2010. The paper also shows total annual atmospheric sulphur (S-SO4) deposition at Bilogora measuring station (study period: 2001 - 2010). Average monthly concentrations of H2S in air varied between 0.2 Ī¼g m-3 and 2.0 Ī¼g m-3, RSH between 0.1 Ī¼g m-3 and 24.5 Ī¼g m-3, and SO2 between 0.4 Ī¼g m-3 and 2.8 Ī¼g m-3 depending on the location and the season of sampling. Mean values of total sulphur in soil and in Plantago lanceolata plant ranged between 610 mg kg-1 and 1,599 mg kg-1 and between 3,614 mg kg-1 and 4,342 mg kg-1, respectively, depending on the soil type, location, and sampling depth. Average values of total sulphur mass ratio for all examined single soil samples (n=80) were 1,080 mg kg-1 for both studied layers, and 4,108 mg kg-1 for all analysed plant samples (n=85). Average total annual atmospheric sulphur deposition at Bilogora measuring station was 6.3 kg of S-SO4 per hectar.Centralna plinska stanica plinskobuÅ”otinskog sustava Podravina nalazi se u Molvama, a potroÅ”ačima energije isporučuje viÅ”e od četvrtine ukupne energije koja se troÅ”i u Hrvatskoj. Prilagodba tehnologije sve zahtjevnijim i strožim standardima zaÅ”tite okoliÅ”a tijekom godina bila je neupitna, no bez obzira na sve učinjeno od strane industrije, a s obzirom na rizik ulaska Å”tetnih tvari u hranidbeni lanac, u okviru multidisciplinarnog istraživačkog tima nezavisni stručnjaci motre sadržaj potencijalno Å”tetnih tvari i prate utjecaje na sve sastavnice ekosustava. U ovom radu prikazane su vrijednosti ukupnog sumpora izmjerenog u tlu (u periodu od jeseni 2006. do proljeća 2010.) i u biljci (u periodu od proljeća 2000. do proljeća 2010.) te koncentracije plinovitih sumporovih spojeva u zraku. Koncentracije sumporovodika (H2S) i merkaptana (RSH) mjerene su u razdoblju ljeto 2002-jesen 2010, dok su koncentracije sumporova(IV) oksida (SO2) određivane u razdoblju proljeće 2008-jesen 2010. Prikazane su i godiÅ”nje vrijednosti ukupne atmosferske depozicije sumpora (S-SO4) izmjerene na mjernoj stanici Bilogora (za period od 2001. do 2010.). Srednje mjesečne koncentracije H2S u zraku kretale su se između 0,2 Ī¼g m-3 i 2,0 Ī¼g m-3, merkaptana između 0,1 Ī¼g m-3 i 24,5 Ī¼g m-3 te SO2 između 0,4 Ī¼g m-3 i 2,8 Ī¼g m-3, ovisno o lokaciji i sezoni uzorkovanja. Srednje vrijednosti ukupnog sumpora u tlu i u trpucu kretale su se redom od 610 mg kg-1 do 1 599 mg kg-1 te od 3 614 mg kg-1 do 4 342 mg kg-1, ovisno o tipu tla, lokaciji i dubini uzorkovanja, dok su prosječne vrijednosti masenog udjela ukupnog sumpora, za cijeli period istraživanja, za tlo, iznosile 1 080 mg kg-1 (n = 80) za obje ispitivane dubine te 4 108 mg kg-1 za sve ispitivane uzorke trpuca (n = 85). Prosječno godiÅ”nje ukupno atmosfersko taloženje sumpora na mjernoj stanici Bilogora iznosilo je 6,3 kg ha-1 S-SO4
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