Design of a clock and data recovery circuit in 65 nm technology

As semiconductor fabrication technology develops, the demand for higher transmission data rates constantly increases; thus there is an urgent need for a power-efficient, robust and broad bandwidth chip-to-chip communication method. A lot of work has been done to address this issue as researchers strive for more integrated inter-IC communication technology with CMOS. A high-speed serial link (HSSL) can help meet this goal. The clock and data recovery circuit (CDR) is a critical component of the HSSL. CDR is built on the receiver end of the link after proper equalization. Its purpose is to extract clock signal which is not transmitted from the driver end and to use the extracted clock signal to sample the incoming data stream with optimal timing. In this thesis, the working mechanism of the CDR is described. A CDR consists of a phase detector, a charge pump, a loop filter and a voltage-controlled oscillator. This thesis includes an overview of all the building blocks of a PLL-based CDR, derivation of the mathematical formulations of the negative feedback loop, and a report on closed loop behavioral modeling of the entire CDR and implemented CDR building blocks at transistor level with TSMC 65 nm technology PDK with a 6.4 Gbps data rate. Also, this thesis provides a detailed noise analysis of the CDR. Lastly, some future work and possible design improvements are proposed

Práticas artísticas no ensino básico e secundário

Sobre a Matéria-Prima, há novidades e perigos. O tempo vivido na Europa e no contexto global tem vindo a acentuar a urgência das prioridades quantificadas, com um discurso dominante onde há menos política (pessoas) e mais representação económica (coisas). O correlato entre pessoas e coisas é, como sabemos, o dinheiro, ou trabalho reificado. A crise europeia, em torno da dívida soberana e dos maiores orçamentos do mundo, da capacidade da sua gestão na linguagem dura dos mercados e das taxas de juro veio modificar os objetivos imediatos da Europa, que em 2000 eram ambiciosos — “a sociedade mais competitiva do mundo em 2010” — para uma estratégia de emergência, agora chamada horizonte 2020. Este é o panorama ideal para colocar o ensino artístico em risco. Os fóruns internacionais passaram a valorizar os resultados da educação em rankings e sondagens de aproveitamento, cuja principal estratégia e preocupação é a mensurabilidade e comparabilidade, como são exemplo os relatórios PISA: avaliam-se em todos os países, as competências em Ciências, Matemática e Língua Materna. A matéria-prima de amanhã corre riscos de desaparecer gradualmente, pelos cortes de carga horária, pela concepção extracurricular da educação artística, pela sua perceção menorizada em função das concepções competitivas da sociedade contemporânea globalizada.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Desnutri??o proteica e atividade de ?reas centrais em resposta ? estimula??o intermitente do barorreflexo.

Estudos anteriores do nosso laborat?rio sugerem que a desnutri??o prot?ica p?s-desmame promove altera??es na neurotransmiss?o dos reflexos cardiovasculares em ratos. O presente estudo avaliou se a desnutri??o proteica altera a express?o da prote?na c-fos (immediate-early gene expression) em importantes ?reas envolvidas no controle dos reflexos cardiovasculares, ap?s a estimula??o intermitente do barorreflexo. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit? de ?tica na Utiliza??o de Animais (CEUA ? UFOP; protocolo 2009/09). As principais ?reas estudadas foram: n?cleo paraventricular do hipot?lamo (PVH); n?cleo do trato solit?rio (NTS); regi?o rostral ventromedial do bulbo (RVMM); regi?o ventrolateral do bulbo - rostral (RVLM) e caudal (CVLM). Utilizamos ratos Fisher com 28 dias de idade divididos em dois grupos: Controle (C) (dieta padr?o com 15% de prote?na) e Desnutrido (D) (dieta hipoproteica com 6% de prote?na). Ap?s 35 dias de dieta, realizamos a canula??o da art?ria e veia femorais para os registros cardiovasculares e infus?o de drogas, respectivamente. Dois dias depois, realizamos a ativa??o do barorreflexo atrav?s de infus?es intermitentes de salina 0,9% (sal) ou fenilefrina (Phe - 0,25 mM; cada 3 min, por 30 min). Noventa minutos ap?s estes procedimentos, os animais foram perfundidos com PBS 0,1M e PFA 0,1M a 4%. Os c?rebros foram seccionados em fatias de 35?m e submetidos ao protocolo de imunohistoqu?mica para c-fos. Os cortes foram fixados em l?minas histol?gicas, e suas imagens adquiridas em microsc?pio Leica DM5000 e analisadas com o aux?lio do software Leica Q Win. Os resultados foram expressos como m?dia ? erro padr?o da m?dia. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste ?t? de Student ou ANOVA ?one-way? para medidas repetidas com p?s-teste de Neuman-Keuls. Apesar de n?o alterar a PAM basal (D:105 ? 5 vs. C:115 ? 3 mmHg) e o ganho barorreflexo (D:- 1.5? 0.2 vs. C:-2.2 ? 0.5 bpm / mmHg), a desnutri??o aumenta a FC basal (D:484 ? 28 vs. C:381 ? 17 bpm; P<0.05), e a express?o de c-fos na RVMM, mais precisamente no n?cleo da raphe obscurus (Rob) ap?s a infus?o com Phe (D:81 ? 18 vs. C:29 ? 5; P <0,05). Foi observado aumento na express?o de c-fos ap?s a estimula??o intermitente do barorreflexo no PVH, NTS medial e CVLM, independentemente do protocolo diet?tico utilizado. Os dados revelaram um recrutamento neuronal diferenciado em resposta ? estimula??o do barorreflexo no NTS caudal comissural (Sal: 55 ? 5 vs. Phe:162 ? 20; P<0.05) e rostral (Sal: 79 ? 12 vs. Phe:205 ? 30; P<0.05), RVLM (Phe: 73 ? 14 vs. Sal:35 ? 3; P<0.05) e RVMM em animais desnutridos. Conclu?mos que a desnutri??o prot?ica modifica o controle cardiovascular e o padr?o de resposta central ? estimula??o do barorreflexo.Previous studies from our laboratory suggest that protein malnutrition after weaning promotes changes in neurotransmission of cardiovascular reflexes in rats. The present study evaluates whether the protein malnutrition alters the expression of c-fos (immediate-early gene expression) in important areas involved in control of cardiovascular reflexes, after intermittent stimulation of the baroreflex. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Use of Animals (CEUA - UFOP; Protocol 2009/09). The main areas studied were: the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) nucleus solitary tract (NTS), rostral ventromedial medulla (RVMM), rostral (RVLM) and caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM). Male Fisher rats at 28 days old were divided into two groups: control (C) (standard diet containing 15% protein) and malnourished (MN) (low protein diet with 6% protein). After 35 days of diet, perform cannulation of the femoral artery and vein to record cardiovascular and drug infusion, respectively. Two days later, we performed a baroreflex activation by intermittent infusions of 0.9% saline (salt) or phenylephrine (Phe - 0.25 mM; every 3 min for 30 min). Ninety minutes after these procedures, the animals were perfused with PBS 0.1 M and 0.1 M PFA 4%. The brains were sectioned in slices of 35?m and submitted to the protocol of immunohistochemistry for c-fos. The sections were fixed on slides, and images acquired on Leica DM5000 microscope and analyzed using the software Leica Q Win. Results were expressed as mean ? standard error of mean. The data were subjected to the student t test or ANOVA "one way" for repeated measures with post-Neuman-Keuls test. Although not change the baseline MAP (MN: 105 ? 5 vs. C: 115 ? 3 mmHg) and baroreflex gain (MN: -1.5 ? 0.2 vs. C: -2.2 ? 0.5 bpm / mmHg), malnutrition increases the baseline FC (MN: 484 ? 28 vs. C: 381 ? 17 bpm, P <0.05), and expression of c-fos in RVMM, more precisely in the raphe obscurus (Rob) after infusion with Phe (MN: 81 ? 18 vs.. C: 29 ? 5, P <0.05). It was also observed increased expression of c-fos after intermittent baroreflex stimulation in PVH medial NTS and CVLM regardless of dietary protocol used. The data also revealed a differentiated neuronal recruitment in response to stimulation of the baroreflex in the caudal commissural (Sal: 55 ? 5 vs. Phe: 162 ? 20, P <0.05) and rostral NTS (Sal: 79 ? 12 vs. Phe: 205 ? 30, P <0.05), RVLM (Phe: 73 ? 14 vs. Salt: 35 ? 3, P <0.05) and RVMM in malnourished animals. We conclude that protein malnutrition modifies the cardiovascular control and the pattern of central response to baroreflex stimulation

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2010: volume 4: as disciplinas escolares, os temas transversais e o processo de educação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2007

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data