Main and interaction effects of extrusion temperature and usage level of full fat soybean on performance and blood metabolites of broiler chickens

The extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) may be used in diet to satisfy the energy and protein requirements of fast growing broiler chickens. The main and interaction effects of three extrusion temperatures and two dietary levels of FFSB were studied on the performance, physiological enzymes and blood metabolites of broiler chickens from 0 to 42 days. The batches of full fat soybean (FFSB) were wet extruded at three temperatures (145, 155 and 165°C, respectively) for 15 s. 240 day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided and placed in 24 pens. Six starter, grower and finisher diets were provided in a 2 × 3 factorial design with two dietary levels of EFFSB (7.5 and 15%) and three extrusion temperatures (145, 155 and 165°C). The extrusion temperatures did not have significant effect on feed intake (FI), body weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chickens during each and whole period, but the inclusion rate of EFFSB had significant (P<0.05) effect on FI and WG. The FI and WG of chickens fed diet contained 15% EFFSB was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those fed 7.5% EFFSB diet. The extrusion temperatures and inclusion rate did not significantly affect pancreas weight, creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes, indicating that the anti-nutrients residuals of FFSBs extruded at 145, 155 and 165°C did not influence liver system and pancreas size of chicks at 21 days of age. The interaction effects between dietary levels of EFFSB and extrusion temperatures on performance criteria, pancreas weight, CPK, LDH, AST and ALT enzymes of chickens were not significant (P>0.05) during each and whole period. It is concluded that blood metabolites and broiler performance were not affected (P>0.05) with extrusion temperature from 145 to 165°C, but increasing dietary levels of EFFSB from 7.5 to 15%, affected (P<0.05) negatively the growth rate of chicks.Key words: Full fat soybean extrusion, temperature, broiler performance, blood metabolites

The effect of feeding modified soyabean oil enriched with C18 : 4 n-3 to broilers on the deposition of n-3 fatty acids in chicken meat

Supplementing broiler diets with conventional vegetable oils has little effect on the long-chain n-3 PUFA (LC n-3 PUFA) content of the meat. The present study investigated the effect on fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of chicken meat when broilers were fed oil extracted from soyabeans (SDASOY) that had been genetically engineered to produce C18 : 4n-3 (stearidonic acid (SDA), 240 mg/g oil). Three diets were fed to 120 birds (eight replicate pens of five birds) from 15 d to slaughter (41–50 d). Diets were identical apart from the oil added to them (45 and 50 g/kg as fed in the grower and finisher phases, respectively), which was either SDASOY, near-isogenic soya (CON) or fish oil (FISH). The LC n-3 PUFA content of the meat increased in the order CON, SDASOY and FISH. In breast meat with skin, the SDA concentration was 522, 13 and 37 (sem 14·4) mg/100 g meat for SDASOY, CON and FISH, respectively. Equivalent values for C20 : 5n-3 (EPA) were 53, 13 and 140 (sem 8·4); for C22 : 5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid (DPA)) 65, 15 and 101 (sem 3·5); for C22 : 6n-3 (DHA) 19, 9 and 181 (sem 4·4). Leg meat (with skin) values for SDA were 861, 23 and 68 (sem 30·1); for EPA 87, 9 and 258 (sem 7·5); for DPA 95, 20 and 165 (sem 5·0); for DHA 29, 10 and 278 (sem 8·4). Aroma, taste and aftertaste of freshly cooked breast meat were not affected. Fishy aromas, tastes and aftertastes were associated with LC n-3 PUFA content of the meat, being most noticeable in the FISH leg meat (both freshly cooked and reheated) and in the reheated SDASOY leg meat

Determination of Processing Quality Tests of Full Fat Soybean Extruded at Three Temperatures and Correlation with Growth

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the correlation between growth performance of chicks fed full fat soybean (FFSB) extruded at 145, 155 and o 165 and laboratory quality tests. In biological study, one hundred and forty four d-old male broiler chicks were divided into 12 groups including 3 treatments with 4 replicates of 12 chicks each and fed three diets containing 15 % FFSB extruded at 145, 155 and 165 o C from 0 to 21 d of age. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chicks were not affected with increasing FFSB extrusion temperatures during 0-21 d of age. For evaluation the quality tests, the urea activity index (UA) was obtained as 0.11, 0.09 and 0.05 for FFSB extruded at 145, 155 and 165 °C, respectively. The correlation between UA with WG and FCR of chicks were 88 and 85 percent, respectively. The protein solubility in KOH (PSKOH) of FFSB extruded at 145, 155 and 165 °C, were 80.2, 78.1 and 72.4, respectively. The correlation between PSKOH with WG and FCR of chicks were 81and 88 percent, respectively. The protein dispersibility index (PDI) were 21.5, 20.8 and 16.5 for FFSB extruded at 145, 155 and 165 °C, respectively. The correlation of PDI with WG and FCR of chicks were 92 and 89 percent, respectively. It is concluded that the laboratory quality tests of FFSB were extruded at 145, 155 and 165 °C were in optimum range for broiler nutrition. Also the PDI had higher correlation with growth rate of chickens as compared to UA and PSKOH and could be the best quality index for estimating the growth rate of broiler chickens fed EFFSB

Effects of Dietary Extruded Full Fat Soybean (EFFSB) on Performance, Blood Metabolites and Morphology of Intestinal Mucosa of Broiler Chickens

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary levels of extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) on performance, blood metabolites and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens. A batch of FFSB was wet extruded at 155 °C, 15 seconds to provide the extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) sample. One hundred and forty four d-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were divided into 12 groups with 12 birds each and assigned to starter, grower and finisher diets each containing 0, 7.5 and 15 % of EFFSB. Feed intake of chicks fed diet containing 15% EFFSB, were significantly reduced as compared to those fed the control diet during 1-14 d of age, but were not influenced during grower, finisher and the whole experimental period. A significant linear decrease was observed in weight gain of birds during whole period. Relative weight of pancreas, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and creatine kinase (CK) in blood serum of chicks were not influenced with dietary EFFSB level. A significant linear decrease was observed in serum triglyceride and total cholesterol with increasing in dietary levels of EFFSB at 42 d of age. The villi length decreased linearly with increasing dietary levels of EFFSB in duodenum section of small intestine, causing a significant decrease in villi surface area in duodenum of birds fed 15% EFFSB diet as comparing to control birds, the crypt depth and villus length/ crypt depth were changed. The morphological measurements of small intestine mucosa in jejunum and ileum sections were not significantly influenced by dietary EFFSB at 42 d chickens. It is concluded that using full fat soybean extruded at 155 °C up to 15 % of diet did not influence significantly performance of chickens during whole period, although the villi length and villi surface area decreased in duodenum of birds with increase in the usage of EFFSB

Effects of in ovo injection of conjugated linoleic acid on immune status and blood biochemical factors of broiler chickens

This experiment evaluated the effects of an in ovo injection of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on immune status and blood metabolites of broiler chicks at 21 and 42 days of age. One hundred and sixty fertilized eggs were selected from a young broiler breeder flock and allocated to4 treatments with 4 replicates each. CLA was injected into the air sack of the selected eggs (150 and 300 mg, dissolved in 100 mL of commercial diluents, CLA150 and CLA300) on Day18 of incubation. Two control groups (injected with or without diluent) were also included. In ovo injection of 150 or 300 ppm CLA increased (p < 0.05) feed intake of chickens as compared to control groups up to 42 days of age. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chickens from CLA300, were improved (p < 0.05) as compared to chicks hatched from eggs injected diluent or control group during total period. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to injection of phytohaemagglutinin-P significantly (p < 0.05) increased in chickens from CLA300 comparing to chicks from CLA150 or control ones. In ovo injection of 300 ppm CLA, decreased blood serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) of chickens as compared to control chicks or those from CLA150 (p < 0.05). Central lymphoid tissues such as bursa of Fabricius and thymus relative weights were increased (p < 0.05) in chickens from CLA300 as compared to chicks injected diluent or control groups. It is concluded that feeding 300 ppm CLA through in ovo injection may be effective to subsequent growth rate, immune response and decrease blood serum cholesterol and LDL of broiler chickens during whole experimental perio

Effects of Three Extrusion Temperatures of FFSB on Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AMEn), Apparent Nutrients Digestibility and Production Performance of Broiler Chickens

In the first experiment, the nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and nutrients apparent digestibility of full fat soybean (FFSB) extruded at 145, 155 (common temperature) and 165 o C were evaluated. The corn-soy based diets were replaced with zero, 7.5, 15 and 22.5 % of each FFSB extruded at three temperatures during 15-21 d of age and AMEn and nutrients digestibility of EFFSB were calculated by regression analysis through extrapolation to 100 ٪ substitution in basal diet. The AMEn values of the FFSB samples extruded at 145, 155 and 165 o C obtained 3893, 3908 and 4037 kcal/kg, respectively and were not significantly different (P>0.05). The apparent digestibility of dry matter and ether extract in FFSB samples extruded at 165 o C, was higher as compared to FFSB extruded at 145 o C. In the second experiment, the effects of 15 % FFSB extruded at three temperatures, evaluated on performance, ileal digesta viscosity and morphology of jejunum mucosa of broiler chickens. Weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of 42 d chickens and ileal digesta viscosity of 21 d chickens were not affected by extrusion temperatures of FFSB. The jejunal villi lentgh of chickens increased with increase in extrusion temperature of FFSB, which resulted in significant increase (

Effects of in ovo injection of conjugated linoleic acid on immune status and blood biochemical factors of broiler chickens

<p>This experiment evaluated the effects of an in ovo injection of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on immune status and blood metabolites of broiler chicks at 21 and 42 days of age. One hundred and sixty fertilized eggs were selected from a young broiler breeder flock and allocated to4 treatments with 4 replicates each. CLA was injected into the air sack of the selected eggs (150 and 300 mg, dissolved in 100 mL of commercial diluents, CLA150 and CLA300) on Day18 of incubation. Two control groups (injected with or without diluent) were also included. In ovo injection of 150 or 300 ppm CLA increased (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05) feed intake of chickens as compared to control groups up to 42 days of age. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chickens from CLA300, were improved (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05) as compared to chicks hatched from eggs injected diluent or control group during total period. Cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity response to injection of phytohaemagglutinin-P significantly (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05) increased in chickens from CLA300 comparing to chicks from CLA150 or control ones. In ovo injection of 300 ppm CLA, decreased blood serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) of chickens as compared to control chicks or those from CLA150 (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05). Central lymphoid tissues such as bursa of Fabricius and thymus relative weights were increased (<em>p</em>&lt;0.05) in chickens from CLA300 as compared to chicks injected diluent or control groups. It is concluded that feeding 300 ppm CLA through in ovo injection may be effective to subsequent growth rate, immune response and decrease blood serum cholesterol and LDL of broiler chickens during whole experimental period.</p

Effects of Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) Supplementation on production performance, egg quality traits, and biochemical parameters of blood and egg in laying hens at later stages of the production period

Abstract Background According to the promising outcomes acquired in recent studies that focused on using natural feed additives in animal nutrition, poultry nutritionists have also been interested in investigating these medicinal herbs' effects on poultry performance and egg characteristics. Pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), a natural source of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, etc. compounds, is recommended as a potential alternative for antibiotics, with similar benefits and no adverse effects on animal health or their products. Considerable effects have been reported on laying hens’ performance and their eggs’ internal and external traits by pennyroyal inclusion in their diets. Objectives Due to the different results reported by pennyroyal inclusion in laying hens’ diets in recent limited studies, this study was designed to reinvestigate the impacts of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) supplementation (PS) on productive performance, egg quality traits, and biochemical compounds in blood and egg yolk in aged laying hens. The findings of this experiment may help for a better understanding of PS impacts on desired parameters, along with improving aged laying hens’ performance. Materials and Methods A total of 144 Leghorn (Hyline‐W36 strain) laying hens (53 weeks old) were used to investigate the effects of PS on performance, egg quality, and biochemical parameters of blood and egg yolk in old laying hens. The animals were distributed into three treatment groups; including a control diet (without PS), 0.5%, and 1% PS diets with six replicates and eight birds per replicate. Results The results indicated that the egg production rate (except for week eight) and egg mass were significantly reduced by PS in the laying hens’ diet during the first four weeks and the total period of the experiment (P<0.05). However, the feed conversion ratio increased by PS (P<0.05). Based on the egg quality trait evaluations (week 4), the yolk percentage, yolk height, and yolk index reduced, while shell‐breaking strength represented a significant increase in PS groups (P<0.05). However, shell thickness and albumen percentage reduced and increased by 1% PS, respectively (P<0.05). At week eight, the Haugh unit reduced while the albumen pH increased by PS (P<0.05). The findings revealed a decline in the egg density in 1% PS groups (P<0.05). In the case of serum biochemical parameters, alanine aminotransferase increased, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) levels reduced in the PS groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the triglyceride levels of both serum and egg yolk (accompanied by the very low‐density lipoprotein level of serum) decreased by PS (P<0.05). Conclusions In conclusion, PS reduced serum and egg yolk triglyceride levels, accompanied by serum MDA, along with reducing production performance

Effects of feeding various levels of full fat soybean extruded at high temperature on performance, serum components and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB) on growth performance, physiological enzymes and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens at market age. A batch of FFSB was wet-extruded at 170 degrees C for 15 s to provide the EFFSB. Ross 308 male broiler chicks (144 one-day old) were divided into 12 groups of 12 birds each and allocated to one of the starter, grower and finisher diets containing 0%, 7.5% and 15% of EFFSB. Feed intake and weight gain of chicks fed the diet containing 15% of EFFSB were significantly (P 0.05). The triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations in blood serum were significantly (P 0.05). These morphological criteria were not affected by the dietary level of EFFSB measured in jejunum and ileum sections (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the use of EFFSB in feed may reduce the duodenal surface area and serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol concentrations, but has no effect on performance of broiler chickens at market age

Prediction of True Metabolizable Energy (TMEn) of Broilers Compounded Starter Feeds

An experiment was conducted to predict the true metabolizable energy (TMEn) of compounded starter feeds of broiler chickens trough their chemical composition using precision-feeding method of Sibbald in male boilers. In the first, eight compounded feed samples provided from eight feed plants and their chemical composition determined in laboratory. Results of chemical composition showed that average values of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, crude fiber, calcium and phosphorus were 90.47, 20.99, 2.79, 2.88, 6.69, 1.08 and 0.49 percent, respectively with coefficient of variation between 2.01 to 13.29 percent. The average value of TMEn in compounded starter feeds was also obtained 3006 Kcal/kg with variation from 2884 to 3275 Kcal/kg and differences between them were significant. The variation between metabolizability values in the compounded feeds was 0.7 to 0.8 percent and differences between their values were not significant. The average value of dry matter true metabolizability in starter feeds was obtained as 54 percent and those having higher crude fiber, showed lower dry matter true metabolizability. The TME and TMEn values of compounded starter feeds showed a negative correlation as 0.38 and 0.59 percent with crude ash of feeds, so that the feeds containing higher crude ash had lower TME and TMEn values. Regression analysis showed that we can predict the TMEn value of broiler compounded starter feeds via regression equations from crude ash, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus contents of feeds from their crude ash, crude protein, calcium and phosphorus with R2 value as 0.67 (P=0.002)