Economic Process and Entrepreneurship

There is a robust body of knowledge around the theory of Entrepreneurship, but the lack of a compre-hensive and widely accepted view to describe this phenomenon is obvious. There is two main streams in entrepreneurship literature, first the Schumpeterian view which emphasizes on ideas, innovation and creativity and second view, known as Kirznerian point that views opportunities of market as the core of entrepreneurship .This conflict can be easily understood from Kirzner‟s words that says” Schumpeter‟s entrepreneur, I pointed out, was essentially disruptive, destroying the pre-existing state of equilibrium. Entrepreneur, on the other hand, was responsible for the tendency through which ini-tial conditions of disequilibrium come systematically to be displaced by equilibrative market competi-tion”, which are paradoxical to some extent. In this paper, author believes that there can be issued a new conceptual framework about the entrepreneurship. This framework views entrepreneurship in an economic, product-transaction-based process. The value of entrepreneurial activities is arisen from mutual interests of human beings, which is the neglected part of Schumpeter and Kirzner‟s views to the phenomenon Entrepreneurship. Conceptual paper Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Rezaei Mirghaed, M. (2015). “Economic Process and Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 86–109

Determination of helminth parasites in abdominal cavity of Alosa caspia (Eichwald, 1838) from the southeast part of the Caspian Sea

Alosa caspia (Eichwald, 1838) belongs to clupeidae family, is considered as one of the main fish in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the helminthic parasite infections in abdominal cavity of A. caspia from southeastern part of the Caspian Sea. In this regard, 30 fish were caught from Bandar-Torkaman and transferred alive to the parasitological laboratory. Then parasites specimens were fixed and transferred to the National Museum of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at University of Tehran for identification. A total of two parasite species including Anisakis simplex and Pronoprymna ventricosa were isolated from the fish. 100% of the fish were infected with at least one helminthic parasite species. Pronoprymna ventricosa has the highest infection prevalence rate and was isolated from pyloric caeca, intestine and stomach of 93.33% of the fish specimens. Anisakis simplex is found in abdominal cavity of 33.33 % of the studied fish. Intensity of A. simplex and P. ventricosa was calculated as 8.4±5.31 and 91.4±21.46, respectively. Based on the statistical analysis, there were no significant differences in total parasites burden, parasite prevalence and parasite intensity between male and female of the studied fish (P>0.05)

Economic Process and Entrepreneurship

There is a robust body of knowledge around the theory of Entrepreneurship, but the lack of a compre-hensive and widely accepted view to describe this phenomenon is obvious. There is two main streams in entrepreneurship literature, first the Schumpeterian view which emphasizes on ideas, innovation and creativity and second view, known as Kirznerian point that views opportunities of market as the core of entrepreneurship .This conflict can be easily understood from Kirzner‟s words that says” Schumpeter‟s entrepreneur, I pointed out, was essentially disruptive, destroying the pre-existing state of equilibrium. Entrepreneur, on the other hand, was responsible for the tendency through which ini-tial conditions of disequilibrium come systematically to be displaced by equilibrative market competi-tion”, which are paradoxical to some extent. In this paper, author believes that there can be issued a new conceptual framework about the entrepreneurship. This framework views entrepreneurship in an economic, product-transaction-based process. The value of entrepreneurial activities is arisen from mutual interests of human beings, which is the neglected part of Schumpeter and Kirzner‟s views to the phenomenon Entrepreneurship. Conceptual paper Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Rezaei Mirghaed, M. (2015). “Economic Process and Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 86–109

Effects of sublethal exposure to new pesticides lufenuron and flonicamid on common carp, Cyprinus carpio, hydromineral balance to further saltwater exposure

The effects of 21 days exposure to lufenuron and flonicamid were investigated on common carp responses to saltwater exposure. Fish were assigned in three groups: control (21 days in freshwater), lufenuron (exposed for 21 days) and flonicamid (exposed for 21 days). After 21 days, all fish were subjected to 15 g/l saltwater for further 4 days. Plasma glucose, cortisol, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and phosphorus levels were monitored 0, 24, 72 and 120 h after saltwater exposure. Type of pesticides and time of salt water exposure had interaction on plasma glucose and cortisol levels. These two stress indicators were increased significantly in all groups after saltwater exposure. The cortisol elevation continued until 72 h after salinity challenge and then decreased significantly after 120 h salinity exposure in all treatments. Plasma glucose level showed fluctuation during saltwater exposure. It was increased after 24 h saltwater exposure, then decreased after 72 h and again it was increased after 120 h salinity challenge. Increased plasma sodium showed significant elevation along with elongation of saltwater exposure. Pesticide exposure significantly affected plasma chloride levels as the flonicamid group had significantly lower chloride compared to the control and lufenuron groups. Plasma chloride showed significant elevation along with elongation of saltwater exposure. Pesticide and time of salinity challenge had interaction on plasma calcium levels as 24 h after salinity challenge calcium level of pesticide groups increased significantly. Along with elongation of saltwater exposure, calcium level of pesticides treatments decreased but it higher than the pre salinity challenge. Plasma phosphorus level increased 24 h after saltwater exposure and decreased along with elongation of saltwater exposure. In conclusion, lufenuron and flonicamid induce stress and alter gill function and blood ionic homeostasis during saltwater exposure

Ispitivanje nekih bakterijskih kontaminacija smrznutih gotovih polukuvanih morskih prehrambenih proizvoda u provinciji Alborz u Iranu

Socijalne i ekonomske promene i način života u Iranu uzrokovali su i promene u ishrani. Tako su potrošači sve više skloni konzumiranju svih vrsta gotove hrane (engl. ready–to-eat, RTE), kao što su morski proizvodi. Kontaminacija ovih hraniva psihrofilnim i patogenim bakterijama je opasna i smatra se da ozbiljno ugrožava zdravlje ljudi. Šesdeset devet smrznutih polukuvanih RTE morskih prehrambenih proizvoda trinaest različitih proizvođača (po tri uzorka od svakog tipa proizvoda) kupljeni su između januara i marta 2012. iz supermarket i lanca hipermarketa u provinciji Alborz, a zatim prebačeni do laboratorije za higijenu hrane Islamskog Univerziteta Azad u Karaju. Izvršena je identifikacija i izolacija L. monocytogenes, kao i utvrđivanje broja Staphylococcus aureus i psihrofilnih aerobnih bakterija. Srednja vrednost ± SD (Log10 CFU/g), minimalni i maksimalni broj aerobnih psihrofilnih bakterija i Staphylococcus aureus u svim smrznutim polukuvanim RTE morskim proizvodima iznosili su, redom: 3,79±1,66; 3,59±0,23; 0/0,6/11 i 0/0,6/86 (Log10 CFU/g). Takođe, 26,1% uzoraka bili su kontaminirani sa L. monocytogenes. Izgleda da su RTE morski prehrambeni proizvodi bili izloženi patogenim bakterijama i uzročnicima kvara hrane. Oni predstavljaju pretnju za ljudsko zdravlje. Prema tome, čišćenje, sanitacija opreme i osoblja, odgovarajuća temperatura za vreme i posle prerade i transporta, kao i odgovarajuće skladištenje može da smanji kontaminaciju i brojnost mikroorganizama koji su uzrok kvara namirnica

Entrepreneurship Network and Microfinance

Banks and financial intermediaries, as the highways of financing and absorption of savings, are considered as the key players in promotion of welfare level in each society. In Iran, due to structural deficiencies and international sanctions, a revision of banking industry seems very essential. More specifically, via balancing of financial intermediaries (based on the notion of “resilient economy’s five-year vision coined by the supreme leader of Islamic Revolution in Iran), banks could be used as a tool for economic promotion as well as one of the basic means of resilient economy. This study introduces the structure of the banking industry in Iran and demonstrates its deficiencies. In this respect, a plan for the structure of financial intermediaries is suggested for three purposes: facilitation of financing, reduction of transaction costs, and enhancement of the welfare level in society. In this regard, a structure based on the entrepreneurial networks through utilizing of measurement, consultancy, and monitoring systems is planned in this study. Furthermore, this study seeks to reduce the credit default risk through increasing of the micro-insurance share to the traditional systems of the financing

Organizational culture and the organizational commitment; Correlational study in hospital staffs

Organizations need the committed manpower to provide effectiveness and progress which is an important factor in order to achieve organizational goals. According to this, organizational culture increases employees commitment in the organization by their accepted norms and values. Actually, the organization environment & its prevailing culture, affects on the organizational commitment of staff. This study was conducted to assess relationship between the organizational culture and the organizational commitment among staff of elected hospirals in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. This descriptive study accomplished at 2013. The study population was hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences included the two hospitals �Vali Asr� & �farabi�. Also in hospitals, study populations were all hospital staffs (Administrative and Clinical). Data collection was done using a three parts questionnaire including: the first one contains background information, the second part consists of questions related to organizational culture based on Denison model and the third part includes questions related to organizational Commitment based on Porter model. Validity and reliability were confirmed through getting the opinions of experts and using Cronbach�s alpha. Data analysis was done by SPSS software using Pearson correlation test and the test �t� to determine the relation between the areas of culture and commitment to the type of hospitals. In organizational culture, maximum average & standard deviation has been seen in professional identity (4.74±1.38). Except for the two dimentions of conflict & communication patterns, a significant relation between the organizational culture dimentions and two hospitalas was seen. Also, in the organizational commitment, the maximum average & standard deviation was seen in continuous commitment scope. Overally, average & standard deviation (3.18±0.76) has been obtained for organizational commitment component; also there was significant relation between the emotional commitment dimention & the type of the hospital. This relationship wasn�t meaningful in another dimentions. Except for the conflict dimension, there was significant correlations between the organizational culture dimension& the organizational commitment (p<0.05). Also, this correlation was between the organizational culture and the organizational commitment (r=0.552) Designing an appropriate and justified "reward mechanism" and development of "teamwork" skills between employees can increase their organizational commitment positively and improve hospital performances. © 2015, Canadian Center of Science and Education. All right reserved

Effect of the selected physico-chemical parameters on growth of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in raceway system in Iran

A study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between selected physico-chemical parameters of water and their effects on growth of Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in raceway system in the area of Sarab Gerdu, Iran. The samples were collected from twenty raceways (270-day old fish, surface area 55m^2 flow rate 150 ls^-1 total production 15 T). Physico-chemical parameters were the fluctuations of total ammonia nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nitrogen (nitrates), phosphorous (phosphates), total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, fluoride, boron, pH, temperature, total hardness, and alkalinity. Multivariate analyses were conducted employing three categories of parameters including A, B, and C. The results of the study showed that temperature and pH variations were similar. Dissolved oxygen with negative similarity coefficient, _0.618 was located in the third category while positive coefficient, 0.479 of other parameters except for pH and temperature (second category) and dissolved oxygen (third category) was located in the first one. pH value was not in a standard range due to increase in water temperature. This, in turn had impact on other parameters, such as unionized ammonia, a toxic chemical, to fish. Our result demonstrated that nitrate concentration is the most significant chemical parameter for fish growth in this area. Similarity, increase in concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water (from 3.30 mgl^-1 up to 12 mgl^-1) was necessary to promote productivity

Evaluation of the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against Streptococcus iniae; the cause of zoonotic disease in farmed fish

There is a growing interest of industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the factors affecting antimicrobial effectiveness of essential oils Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, Streptococcus iniae; the cause of zoonotic streptococcosis in fish. Food conservation is based on an intermittent search for foods with a high nutritional quality and microbial stability and it has been reached by the control of the growth/survival of spoiling and pathogen foodborne microorganisms. Based on several reports, fish streptococcosis is currently considered as one of the main limiting factors in the aquaculture industry, due to the significant economic losses (annually more than $150 million) that these infections cause in different cultured fresh and seawater fish species worldwide. The sensitivity of S. iniae to antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined using well diffusion assays and paper disc diffusion method. The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the oils and extracts were 3.9-250 and 7.8-500 µg/ml and the ranges of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for the oils and extracts were found to be in the range of 7.8-250 and 15.6-500 µg/ml, respectively. The essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against S. iniae. The essential oil of rosemary showed the strongest antimicrobial activity