Variabilidade espaço-temporal de ocorrência e recorrência de fogo no Bioma Caatinga usando dados do sensor MODIS

The indiscriminate use of fire, every year has been causing an imbalance in nature, which can be perceived globally. The remote sensing represents the main technological alternative in detecting, dimensioning and understanding the dynamics of fire. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the spatio-temporal distribution of the burned areas of the Caatinga Biome using the MODIS MCD64A1 product, from 2001 to 2018. For this, the monthly subsets of the Burned Area MCD64A1 product were used for the period of study. The Canadian Forest Service classification was also adopted, which defines the burned areas in five different classes: I (0-0.09 ha); II (0.1-4.0 ha); III (4.1-40.0 ha); IV (40.1-200.0 ha); V (>200.0 ha). The results achieved in this study reveal that the state of Piauí has a statistically higher average of fire occurrences and burned area in the times series. The months that had the largest burned areas in the biome were September, August and October and the greatest recurrences of burned areas from May to December. The burned area size classes that presented the highest occurrences were III, IV e V. The biome undergoes systematic growth of degradation, which enhances its fragility in the face of fire.O uso do fogo de forma indiscriminada, a cada ano vem causando um desequilíbrio na natureza, que pode ser percebido em âmbito global. O sensoriamento remoto, representa a principal alternativa tecnológica na detecção, dimensionamento e na compreensão da dinâmica do fogo. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a distribuição espaço-temporal das áreas queimadas do Bioma Caatinga por meio do produto MODIS MCD64A1, no período de 2001 a 2018. Para isso, foram utilizados os subconjuntos mensais do produto Burned Area MCD64A1. Adotou-se também a classificação do Canadian Forest Service, no qual define as áreas queimadas em cinco classes diferentes: I (0-0,09 ha); II (0,1-4,0 ha); III (4,1-40,0 ha); IV (40,1-200,0 ha); V(>200,0 ha). Os resultados alcançados nesse estudo revelam que o estado do Piauí apresenta estatisticamente maior média de ocorrências de incêndios e área queimada na série temporal. Os meses que tiveram as maiores áreas queimadas no bioma foram setembro, agosto e outubro e maior recorrência de maio a dezembro. As classes de tamanho de área queimada que apresentaram maiores ocorrências foram III, IV e V. O bioma sofre sistemático crescimento de degradação, o que potencializa sua fragilidade ante ao fogo

Entendendo a anestesia inalatória na Cesária: revisão sistemática

Introduction: Inhalation anesthesia in cesarean section is a commonly employed anesthetic approach to provide analgesia and anesthesia during the cesarean surgical procedure. This method utilizes inhalation-administered anesthetic agents, usually through a face mask or endotracheal tube, to induce and maintain the required anesthetic state. Methodology: A systematic literature review on "Understanding Inhalation Anesthesia in Cesarean Section" was conducted based on rigorous criteria to ensure the selection of relevant and high-quality studies. The search was delimited by the descriptors "Anesthesia," "Inhalation," "Cesarean Section," and "Inhalation Anesthesia," focusing on the last 5 years (2019 to 2023) and research conducted from April 20, 2023, to November 29, 2023. Result: Pre-delivery procedures required careful anesthetic attention, and the adopted approach could vary significantly depending on the natureIntrodução: A anestesia inalatória na cesariana é uma abordagem anestésica comumente empregada para fornecer analgesia e anestesia durante o procedimento cirúrgico de cesariana. Este método utiliza agentes anestésicos administrados por inalação, geralmente através de uma máscara facial ou tubo endotraqueal, para induzir e manter o estado anestésico necessário. Metodologia: Uma revisão sistemática de literatura sobre "Entendendo a Anestesia Inalatória na Cesariana" foi elaborada com base em critérios rigorosos para garantir a seleção de estudos relevantes e de qualidade. A pesquisa foi delimitada pelos descritores Anesthesia, Inhalatio, Cesarean Section, Inhalation Anesthesia, com foco nos últimos 5 anos (2019 a 2023) e pesquisas realizadas no período de 20/04/2023 a 29/11 /2023. Resultado: Os procedimentos pré-parto exigiram um cuidado de atenção anestésica, sendo que a abordagem adotada pode variar significativamente de acordo com a natureza e a invasividade da intervenção planejada. Desde procedimentos mais simples até intervenções mais complexas, a escolha da anestesia desempenha um papel crucial no conforto do paciente e no sucesso técnico do procedimento. Conclusão: Os agentes anestésicos inalatórios mais comuns incluem o óxido nitroso, sevoflurano, desflurano e isoflurano. O óxido nitroso é frequentemente utilizado em combinação com outros agentes para fornecer analgesia suplementar. Esses agentes atuam no sistema nervoso central

Post-intervention Status in Patients With Refractory Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab During REGAIN and Its Open-Label Extension

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether eculizumab helps patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG) achieve the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) post-intervention status of minimal manifestations (MM), we assessed patients' status throughout REGAIN (Safety and Efficacy of Eculizumab in AChR+ Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis) and its open-label extension. METHODS: Patients who completed the REGAIN randomized controlled trial and continued into the open-label extension were included in this tertiary endpoint analysis. Patients were assessed for the MGFA post-intervention status of improved, unchanged, worse, MM, and pharmacologic remission at defined time points during REGAIN and through week 130 of the open-label study. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients completed REGAIN and continued into the open-label study (eculizumab/eculizumab: 56; placebo/eculizumab: 61). At week 26 of REGAIN, more eculizumab-treated patients than placebo-treated patients achieved a status of improved (60.7% vs 41.7%) or MM (25.0% vs 13.3%; common OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.5). After 130 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 88.0% of patients achieved improved status and 57.3% of patients achieved MM status. The safety profile of eculizumab was consistent with its known profile and no new safety signals were detected. CONCLUSION: Eculizumab led to rapid and sustained achievement of MM in patients with AChR+ refractory gMG. These findings support the use of eculizumab in this previously difficult-to-treat patient population. CLINICALTRIALSGOV IDENTIFIER: REGAIN, NCT01997229; REGAIN open-label extension, NCT02301624. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that, after 26 weeks of eculizumab treatment, 25.0% of adults with AChR+ refractory gMG achieved MM, compared with 13.3% who received placebo

Minimal Symptom Expression' in Patients With Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody-Positive Refractory Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Treated With Eculizumab

The efficacy and tolerability of eculizumab were assessed in REGAIN, a 26-week, phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive (AChR+) refractory generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and its open-label extension

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK.

BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0-75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4-97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8-80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3-4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Background A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. Methods This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 × 1010 viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. Findings Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62·1% (95% CI 41·0–75·7; 27 [0·6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1·6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90·0% (67·4–97·0; three [0·2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2·2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0·010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70·4% (95·8% CI 54·8–80·6; 30 [0·5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1·7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3·4 months, IQR 1·3–4·8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. Interpretation ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials

Detecção de áreas queimadas no Parque Estadual de Serra Nova/MG utilizando os índices espectrais NDVI e NDBR

One of the most used ways to ensure the protection of species and ecosystems are protected areas, territorial spaces with significant natural features, created with the aim of conserving biodiversity and other natural attributes contained therein. Among the activities to be monitored in order to ensure effective protection of the environment in these areas is the emergence and quantification of burned areas. The systems sensors onboard satellites have the ability to provide information on a regular and systematic regionally or globally the fire activities, being an efficient tool in the analysis of the occurrence and quantification of these areas. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify and quantify fires occurring in Serra Nova State Park from satellite imagery using spectral indices NDVI and NDBR, and obtain the reliability of these two indices in the evaluation of the processes of forest fires. We used two images, related to the path/row 218/71 days of August 1st, 2010 and August 17th, 2010, Landsat/5. After processing the images, we calculated the NDVI and NDBR them. It generated an image difference between the two dates, for each index, and made a manual mapping of the actual area that suffered burned. The burned area was 208 ha, while the NDVI detected 51.39 ha and NDBR detected 287.55 ha. It was observed that the NDVI and NDBR correctly identified the location of the burn and NDBR proved more effective in quantifying these areas.Pages: 6923-692

Estimativa do saldo de radiação na cidade de Montes Claros/MG através de imagens do LANDSAT-5/TM

The net radiation is a major component of the energy balance and represents the energy available in surface heating processes related to air and soil, and is correlated withthe estimated evapotranspiration. The high costof field experimentsformeasuring this parameter, andthe difficultiesinmeasuring itto the surface, forces the search foralternative techniquesto complementthe meteorological dataavailablein order toassistfarmersindecision-making processes, especiallyin irrigated agriculture. In this context, the study aimed to estimate and spatializing net radiation through satellite imagery, to the city of Montes Claros, located in the North of Minas Gerais, on 21/09/2011. The images used were obtained from Landsat-5/TM stock images from National Institute for space research/INPE whose processing was performed in digital software ENVI4.7 and 5.2.1SPRING, including geometric corrections, radiometric and atmospheric. For the calculation of net radiation was calculated spectral radiance, reflectance, albedo at the top of the atmosphere, surface albedo, the index calculationsNDVI, SAVIand LAI, surface emissivity, obtaining the surface temperature, estimation of long wave radiation up ward, downward shortwave and longwave radiation. The results indicate that for the city of Montes Claros, the net radiation showed an average value of 445.31Wm-2, with 87.95% of its pixels to values of 326.06 Wm-2 to 655.589Wm-2. The values obtained are consistent with those found in the literature. Thus methodology becomes feasible to use additional information to areas where weather data are scarce, thereby supplying an important step to obtain evapotranspiration.Pages: 648-65