Bringing About a Behavioural Change in Providers to Meet the Reproductive Health Needs of Clients

The international conference on population and development held in Cairo in 1994 has became a historical turning point in the way population policies and programmes are perceived and sexual and reproductive health services are conceptualised and delivered. Inherent in the ICPD plan of action is the concept of care that recommends providing a range of reproductive health services to both men and women, that are safe and effective, and that satisfy clients, needs and wants. Clients are far more likely to use services that are of high quality. Achieving quality care requires complying with high technical and ethical standards (such as freedom of choice, informed consent, and freedom from coercion and abuse) and providing services at costs that are affordable to both clients and health care system. The most common barriers to quality are negative provider attitudes or behaviours, poor interactions between clients and providers, a lack of essential drugs and supplies in facilities, and delays in referrals to other necessary services. Pakistan has among the worst reproductive health indicators in the developing world. It has lagged behind many of its neighbours in terms of its social indicators. Access to health and educational facilities, especially in the rural areas has remained outstandingly weak. Maternal and infant mortality rates are unacceptably high at above 500 per 100,000 and 80 per 1000 births, respectively. Malnutrition, anaemia and reproductive tract infections are widely prevalent in women.

Investigation of Correlation between Traits and Path Analysis of Corn (Zea mays L.) Grain Yield at the Climate of Ardabil Region (Northwest Iran)

In order to study correlation between some traits and yield components of corn and to determine the most effective factors on its yield, an experiment was conducted at the agricultural research farm of university of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2007. The experiment was conducted as a split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Main plots were allocated at three levels to different planting dates (10, 20 May and 30 June) and subplots were allocated at the different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 75, 150, 225 Kg N ha-1). The utilized corn seed was SC 404 hybrid. Sequential path analysis was used for evaluation of relationships between yield and yield attributes and to eliminate less important variables by using SPSS. Results showed that kernel per ear has the most correlation (r = 0.53) with grain yield. The grain yield and kernel per ear indicated negative and significant correlation with grain thickness (r = -0.33 and r = -0.52 respectively). The correlation between grain protein and thickness was negative and significant, too (r = -0.52). Results obtained from path analysis revealed that kernel per ear has more importance for selecting corn cultivars with high yield among different traits. Kernel per row and grain length had an effect on grain yield. Thus, these two traits can be attend in breeding programs and also be effective as a potential traits in improving desired corn cultivars

The Genetic Causes of Male Infertility in Iranian Population; A systematic Review

Introduction: Infertility affects an estimated 15% of couples globally and in Iran, a quarter of couples experiences primary infertility. Males are found to be individually responsible for 20-30% of infertility cases and contribute to 50% of cases totally. When assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) are used to acquire pregnancy, a sufficient (epi) genetic diagnosis of male infertility (MI) is of main matter to consider if a genetic abnormality will be transmit-ted to offspring. Infertility centers together with Infertility research centers had been founded since 1994 in Iran and many articles from research projects have been published.Materials and Methods: This literature investigated the possible genetic causes mechanisms underlying Iranian male infertility by extensive article searches.  First, we reviewed available data from the Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, IranMedex, MEDLIB, IranDoc and Scientific Information Database were searched for articles published until 2018, using the MeSH terms for a variety of chromosome abnormalities, Y-chromosome microdeletions, gene mutations, expression and polymorphisms, Male infertility and/or Iranian, regional and international population, to provides the evidence- based and a comprehensive, up-to- date evaluation of the multifactorial factors involved in Iranian infertile men.  Results: According to the strategy adopted initially, 274 manuscripts were found. After reviewing the titles, abstracts and manuscripts entirely cited, the total of 139 articles were obtained and selected according to the eligibility criteria. The 139 studies were divided into four predetermined categories that mentioned above.  Studies have good methodological validity. The sample is quite heterogeneous, given the very different design of the studies.Conclusion: MI is a complex, multi-factorial disease and the underlying reasons frequently remain unknown. It seems that the first line of genetic diagnosis in Iranian male infertility is similar to Global One. In all investigations conducted in Iran, there are vacancies in studies such as epigenetic modification studies, RNA (lncRNA, miRNA and piRNA) abnormalities, mutation detection and polymorphism studies in other genes involved in the spermatogenesis process. At present, we have a little information for some polymorphisms (MTHFR, GST, ER, and DAZL) and mutations (mtDNA, CATSPER) which require more extensive studies. Such articles help to find a better insight into the causes of infertility in the Iranian men's community and will provide valuable visions into the development of targeted personalized treatments for patients and the ascertainment of the reasons of idiopathic infertility.

CIVIL LIABILITY OF THE INCONCLUSIVE CAUSALITY OF THE MEDICAL TEAM IN IRAN, INDIA AND BRITAIN

Abstract. Statement of Problem and Research Questions. In the legal system of Iran, India, and England (Common Law), the issue of Tort committed by the medical team happens when in reality, there is the knowledge of damage inflicted by several causes, however it is not clear which cause has caused the damage. In the Iranian law, there have been suggested several ways for determining the liability of damage compensation such as the implementation of the right of choice in the cases of tort, the sentence establishment of the jurists as a rule, drawing, Citation to judicial circumstantial presumption, Compensation from public funds, treasury, Execution and aggregation of two conflictingsentences, Risk theory, presumption of responsibility, and the application of great judge authority, and in the Penal Code of 2015, the liability is equal. In the Indian Law, in terms of tort law in civil liability, there have not been offered any specific sentences. However, in the section 43 of the Contractual Law of 1872 on compensation of the shared damages in which the share of the parties is not determined, they are equally responsible for damage compensation, but in case one of the parties is deceased, the other party will be responsible for the compensation

Bringing About a Behavioural Change in Providers to Meet the Reproductive Health Needs of Clients

The international conference on population and development held in Cairo in 1994 has became a historical turning point in the way population policies and programmes are perceived and sexual and reproductive health services are conceptualised and delivered. Inherent in the ICPD plan of action is the concept of care that recommends providing a range of reproductive health services to both men and women, that are safe and effective, and that satisfy clients, needs and wants. Clients are far more likely to use services that are of high quality. Achieving quality care requires complying with high technical and ethical standards (such as freedom of choice, informed consent, and freedom from coercion and abuse) and providing services at costs that are affordable to both clients and health care system. The most common barriers to quality are negative provider attitudes or behaviours, poor interactions between clients and providers, a lack of essential drugs and supplies in facilities, and delays in referrals to other necessary services

The comparison of neuropsychological performance in the girl students with social anxiety disorder and normal students

Background and aims: The Neuropsychological performance in patients with anxiety disorders has received much less attention. The present study set out to compare one of the executive performances that means shifting function in two groups of social anxious and normal. Also, The aim of the present study was to investigate performance in this function both of processing efficacy and performance effectiveness. Methods: In this causal-comparative study, recruited 24 patients with social anxiety disorder and 24 non patients in multi-stage cluster sampling method and were implemented tests of Connor Social Anxiety Scale, Self-reported mental effort scale, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, The results were analyzed with SPSS software and MANOVA test. Results: The results showed significant differences between the two groups in both components of performance in the shifting function namely processing efficacy (P<0.001) and performance effectiveness (P<0.001), So that socially anxious group showed poorer performance. Conclusion: The group of social anxious in compare with normal group showed deficient in the shifting function of working memory. The deficiency observed were related to cognitive models of anxiety disorders specially Attentional Control Theory

Seasonal variation in the coastal water phytoplankton communities and their environmental responses at upstream and downstream of the steep Naf River in the south-western Bay of Bengal

As a multinational river, the Naf River flows into the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean, between the Cox's Bazar district of Bangladesh and the Rakhine state of Burma. In a multidisciplinary approach, several experiments were carried out to understand the seasonal diversity of the phytoplankton community structure. A total of four layers of water was sampled from four depths in the Naf River during monsoon (September) and winter (December) of 2016. 41 species of phytoplankton were identified, and 3 different dominant groups (Cyanobacteria, Diatoms, and Dinoflagellates) were found. Diatoms and cyanobacteria alone were found to be most prevalent. Higher species diversity was observed in the monsoon season, with Synedra sp. (1.84×105 cells L-1, 18.76%) and winter with Microcystis sp. (1.41×105 cells L-1, 17.74%), respectively. In monsoon, NO3-N and PO4-P were both higher than winter (450.9 and 34.4 µg L-1, respectively) especially, at downstream Naf River. Moreover, high diversity indexes (richness) of phytoplankton were recorded along with these estuarine stations. Significant correlations (P<0.01) of nutrients with phytoplankton may liable behind these scenarios. An analysis of principal component analysis (PCA) and linear regression supported this correspondence. In the monsoon season, the concentration of Chlorophyll-α reached the highest level (165 µg L-1) at a depth of 1.5 m, in Station-D. Cluster analysis based on the nutrient content of the Naf River was found two (upstream and downstream) mentionable zones during the winter and monsoon seasons. The results of the present study indicate that estuarine downstream areas are more productive than upstream areas of the Naf River at the southwest coastal zone of the Bay of Bengal