Politics of Belonging: Men as Allies in the Meaningful Inclusion of Women in the Security Sector

Women’s inclusion in the security sector is viewed often as a social issue. States, however, are increasingly seeing it as a matter of national security as they struggle to fill ranks. To address this dilemma, many more women are needed to work alongside men in defense, intelligence, police and border protection. Unbarring the door to women through legislation and policy is a typical approach toward gender integration. It is needed, but not sufficient. Inclusion and integration are used interchangeably. They are not the same. Yes, both bring women into the security sector, but integration expects women to adapt to the existing system while inclusion ensures that the system adapts to women. A gender integrated approach permits women to serve alongside men in masculinized units with some accommodations but little acceptance. Such organizations are male dominated, exhibit deep-seated masculinized cultures, forge obstacles to women’s full participation and experience high levels of sexual violence. A gender inclusive approach is different as it merges men and women together with full system access. In these organizations, the default gender is not male, barriers for women are eliminated, all are valued, and the structure and its leaders do not permit the “strong” to prey on the “weak.”  This discussion draws upon personal experiences to consider how leaders create cultures of belonging for women’s meaningful inclusion.https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/wps/1005/thumbnail.jp

Unique applications of solvent removal in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the technique of choice for rapid, high precision, semiquantitative elemental and isotopic analysis for over 70 elements. Less than 20 years after the first mass spectrum was obtained by ICP-MS, this technique has applications in clinical chemistry, geochemistry, the semiconductor industry, the nuclear industry, environmental chemistry, and forensic chemistry. The determination of many elements, though, by ICP-MS is complicated by spectral interferences from background species, interelement spectral overlaps, and polyatomic ions of matrix elements. The emphasis of this thesis is the unique applications of solvent removal using cryogenic and membrane desolvation. Chapter 1 is a general introduction providing background information concerning the need for these methods and some information about the methods themselves. Chapter 5 discusses general conclusions and general observations pertaining to this work. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 have been processed separately for inclusion on the database. Chapter 2 describes a method to screen urine samples for vanadium using cryogenic desolvation. Chapter 3 compares solvent removal by cryogenic and membrane desolvation. Chapter 4 describes the use of cool plasma conditions for the determination of potassium in the presence of excess sodium by ICP-MS

Unique applications of solvent removal in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is the technique of choice for rapid, high precision, semiquantitative elemental and isotopic analysis for over 70 elements. Less than 20 years after the first mass spectrum was obtained by ICP-MS, this technique has applications in clinical chemistry, geochemistry, the semiconductor industry, the nuclear industry, environmental chemistry, and forensic chemistry. The determination of many elements, though, by ICP-MS is complicated by spectral interferences from background species, interelement spectral overlaps, and polyatomic ions of matrix elements. The emphasis of this thesis is the unique applications of solvent removal using cryogenic and membrane desolvation. Chapter 1 is a general introduction providing background information concerning the need for these methods and some information about the methods themselves. Chapter 5 discusses general conclusions and general observations pertaining to this work. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 have been processed separately for inclusion on the database. Chapter 2 describes a method to screen urine samples for vanadium using cryogenic desolvation. Chapter 3 compares solvent removal by cryogenic and membrane desolvation. Chapter 4 describes the use of cool plasma conditions for the determination of potassium in the presence of excess sodium by ICP-MS

Architecture and Performance of the Mether Network Shared Memory

Mether is a Network Shared Memory (NSM). It allows applications on autonomous computers connected by a network to share a segment of memory. NSMs offer the attraction of a simple abstraction for shared state, i.e., shared memory. NSMs have a potential performance problem in the cost of remote references, which is typically solved by grouping memory into larger units such as pages, and caching pages. While Mether employs grouping and caching to reduce the average memory reference delay, it also removes the need for many remote references (page faults) by providing a facility with relaxed consistency requirements. Applications ported from a multiprocessor supercomputer with shared memory to a 16-workstation Mether configuration showed a cost/performance advantage of over 300 in favor of the Mether system. While Mether is currently implemented for Sun-3 and Sun-4 systems connected via Ethernet, other characteristics (such as a choice of page sizes and a semaphore-like access mode useful for process synchronization) should suit it to a wide variety of networks. A reimplementation for an alternate configuration employing packet-switched networks is in progress

Disparate quasiballistic heat conduction regimes from periodic heat sources on a substrate

We report disparate quasiballistic heat conduction trends for periodic nanoscale line heaters deposited on a substrate, depending upon whether measurements are based on the peak temperature of the heaters or the temperature difference between the peak and the valley of two neighboring heaters. The degree of quasiballistic transport is characterized by the effective thermal conductivities of the substrate which are obtained by matching the diffusion solutions to the phonon Boltzmann transport equation results. We find that while the ballistic heat conduction effect based on the peak temperature diminishes as the two heaters become closer, it becomes stronger based on the peak-valley temperature difference. Our results also show that the collective behavior of closely spaced heaters can counteract the nonlocal effects caused by an isolated nanoscale hot spot. These results are relevant to thermal conductivity spectroscopy techniques under development and also have important implications for understanding nonlocal heat conduction in integrated circuits and carbon nanotube array thermal interface materials.United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Science (Award DE-SC0001299/DE-FG02-09ER46577

Thermal rectification effects of multiple semiconductor quantum dot junctions

Based on the multiple energy level Anderson model, this study theoretically examines the thermoelectric effects of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in the nonlinear response regime. The charge and heat currents in the sequential tunneling process are calculated by using the Keldysh Green's function technique. Results show that the thermal rectification effect can be observed in a multiple QD junction system, whereas the tunneling rate, size fluctuation, and location distribution of QD significantly influence the rectification efficiency.Comment: 5 pages, 8figure

Isotropic plasma-thermal atomic layer etching of superconducting TiN films using sequential exposures of molecular oxygen and SF6/_6/H2_2 plasma

Microwave loss in superconducting titanium nitride (TiN) films is attributed to two-level systems in various interfaces arising in part from oxidation and microfabrication-induced damage. Atomic layer etching (ALE) is an emerging subtractive fabrication method which is capable of etching with Angstrom-scale etch depth control and potentially less damage. However, while ALE processes for TiN have been reported, they either employ HF vapor, incurring practical complications; or the etch rate lacks the desired control. Further, the superconducting characteristics of the etched films have not been characterized. Here, we report an isotropic plasma-thermal TiN ALE process consisting of sequential exposures to molecular oxygen and an SF$_6$/H$_2$ plasma. For certain ratios of SF$_6$:H$_2$ flow rates, we observe selective etching of TiO$_2$ over TiN, enabling self-limiting etching within a cycle. Etch rates were measured to vary from 1.1 \r{A}/cycle at 150 $^\circ$C to 3.2 \r{A}/cycle at 350 $^\circ$C using ex-situ ellipsometry. We demonstrate that the superconducting critical temperature of the etched film does not decrease beyond that expected from the decrease in film thickness, highlighting the low-damage nature of the process. These findings have relevance for applications of TiN in microwave kinetic inductance detectors and superconducting qubits.Comment: 17 pages, 7 figure