A importância dos controles domiciliares na redução de internações em portadores de diabetes mellitus do tipo 1

Several therapeutic strategies have been used to improve control of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus 1 (DM1), most of them based on capillary glycemia determinations. Considering the difficulty to have frequent capillary blood letting due to stress and the high cost of reagent strips for home glycemia determinations, we have often used glycosuria as a parameter of glycemia. In 1990 a group was established in our service to treat DM1 patients. Since 1992 all patients have been asked for home monitoring glycemia and glycosuria/ ketonuria. Free reagent strips were given to destitute patients. The aim of this work was to evaluate the benefits of home monitoring. We have correlated the outpatient number (P); the number of hospital admittances (I); the number of blood (S) and urine (U) reagent strips granted yearly; and the ratio for hospital admittances/followed up patients (I/P). We observed that, besides the increase in the number of patients in regular attendance, there was a decrease of 6 to 8-fold in hospital admittances compared to the same parameters obtained during 1989. These results are accompanied by an increase on the number of reagent strips distributed. An inverse correlation (r= -0.83; p< 0.05) between the number of urinary reagent strips distributed and the percentage of hospital admittances was found. Our results indicate that despite the low importance the literature gives to the urine test it can be considered as an important tool for controlling DM1 pediatric patients.Vários esquemas terapêuticos, geralmente com base na determinação da glicemia capilar, têm sido utilizados para melhorar o controle do diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 (DM1). Em vista da dificuldade de obtenção de múltiplas amostras sangüíneas diárias, pelo stress da punção e/ou pelo alto custo da determinação glicêmica, freqüentemente utilizamos a glicosúria como um parâmetro da glicemia, Em 1990 criamos um ambulatório específico para os diabéticos em nosso serviço e, desde 1992, com a doação de tiras para determinação domiciliar de glicemia, glicosúria e cetonúria aos pacientes carentes, passamos a cobrar o controle domiciliar. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência da realização de controles domiciliares rotineiros no número de internações dos pacientes portadores de DM1. Analisamos os números: de pacientes acompanhados (P), de internações (I), de tiras distribuídas anualmente (U= glicosúria/cetonúria, S= glicemia) e a relação I/P. Observamos que apesar do aumento progressivo do número de pacientes acompanhados, houve queda das internações acompanhando o aumento progressivo do material fornecido para controle domiciliar, chegando a ser ó a 8 vezes menor que as observadas em 1989. Houve correlação inversa entre o número de tiras urinárias fornecidas (U/P) e a porcentagem de internações (r= -0,83, p< 0,05). Concluímos que um grupo estruturado para tratamento de DM1 permitiu um melhor controle da doença com diminuição das internações e que apesar de pouco valorizada pela literatura, a determinação de glicosúria é importante no tratamento do DM1 na faixa etária pediátrica.21521

Prevalence and clinical aspects when it comes to the association between type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and celiac disease

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and celiac disease association and to verify the existence of celiac disease symptoms, as well as the occurrence of other autoimmune diseases among the patients, their first-degree relatives and the possible influences of celiac disease in diabetes control. METHODS: It was done a cross-sectional study with 195 patients that answered a questionnaire about gastrointestinal symptoms and the occurrence of autoimmune diseases in their first-degree relatives. IgA was measured and antiendomysial antibody (EMA) was screened. The patients with positive EMA were submitted to intestinal biopsy. Those with celiac disease confirmed by biopsy (case group) were paired with DM1 patients without celiac disease (control group) according to age on diabetes diagnosis, diabetes duration and gender. RESULTS: EMA was positive in nine patients. In seven of them the biopsy has confirmed celiac disease (4.0%). Comparing the cases with controls, the gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more frequent in the first group, but there was no difference between the groups regarding to the occurrence of autoimmune disease among the first-degree relatives and regarding to the control of diabetes (z weight, z height, insulin dose, HbA1c). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence found was 4.0%. This sample of celiac patients showed a predominance of gastrointestinal symptoms, although the celiac disease did not influence the diabetes control.OBJETIVOS: Verificar a prevalência da associação entre diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) e doença celíaca (DC) e a presença de sintomas da DC, a ocorrência de outras doenças auto-imunes entre os pacientes e seus parentes de primeiro grau e as possíveis influências da DC no controle do diabetes. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 195 pacientes com DM1, que responderam ao questionário sobre a presença de sintomas gastrintestinais e a ocorrência de doenças auto-imunes em familiares. Foi dosada a IgA sérica e pesquisado o anticorpo antiendomísio (EMA). Os pacientes com EMA positivo foram submetidos à biópsia intestinal. Aqueles com DC confirmada por biópsia (grupo-casos) foram pareados com os pacientes apenas diabéticos (grupo-controle), de acordo com a idade ao diagnóstico de diabetes, o tempo de duração da doença e o gênero. RESULTADOS: O EMA foi positivo em nove pacientes. Em sete a biópsia confirmou DC (prevalência de 4%). No pareamento de casos (DM1 e DC) e controles (somente DM1), os sintomas gastrintestinais foram significativamente mais freqüentes no grupo casos, não sendo observada diferença com a ocorrência de doenças auto-imunes entre os parentes de primeiro grau e com o controle do diabetes (z peso, z estatura, dose de insulina e HbA1c). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de DC neste grupo de pacientes com DM1 foi de 4%. A amostra de pacientes celíacos apresentou predomínio de sintomas gastrintestinais, porém a presença de DC não interferiu no controle do diabetes.63564

[prevalence And Clinical Aspects When It Comes To The Association Between Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (dm1) And Celiac Disease].

To estimate the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and celiac disease association and to verify the existence of celiac disease symptoms, as well as the occurrence of other autoimmune diseases among the patients, their first-degree relatives and the possible influences of celiac disease in diabetes control. It was done a cross-sectional study with 195 patients that answered a questionnaire about gastrointestinal symptoms and the occurrence of autoimmune diseases in their first-degree relatives. IgA was measured and antiendomysial antibody (EMA) was screened. The patients with positive EMA were submitted to intestinal biopsy. Those with celiac disease confirmed by biopsy (case group) were paired with DM1 patients without celiac disease (control group) according to age on diabetes diagnosis, diabetes duration and gender. EMA was positive in nine patients. In seven of them the biopsy has confirmed celiac disease (4.0%). Comparing the cases with controls, the gastrointestinal symptoms were significantly more frequent in the first group, but there was no difference between the groups regarding to the occurrence of autoimmune disease among the first-degree relatives and regarding to the control of diabetes (z weight, z height, insulin dose, HbA1c). The prevalence found was 4.0%. This sample of celiac patients showed a predominance of gastrointestinal symptoms, although the celiac disease did not influence the diabetes control.52635-4

Short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin on postprandial glucose and hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction Strict glucose control using multiple doses of insulin is the standard treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), but increased risk of hypoglycemia is a frequent drawback. Regular insulin in multiple doses is important for achieving strict glycemic control for T1DM, but short-acting insulin analogues may be better in reducing hypoglycemia and postprandial glucose levels. Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of short-acting insulin analogues vs regular human insulin on hypoglycemia and postprandial glucose in patients with T1DM. Methods Searches were run on the electronic databases MEDLINE, Cochrane-CENTRAL, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, LILACS, and DARE for RCTs published until August 2017. To be included in the study, the RCTs had to cover a minimum period of 4 weeks and had to assess the effects of short-acting insulin analogues vs regular human insulin on hypoglycemia and postprandial glucose levels in patients with T1DM. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the quality of the selected studies. The primary outcomes analyzed were hypoglycemia (total episodes, nocturnal hypoglycemia, and severe hypoglycemia) and postprandial glucose (at all times, after breakfast, after lunch, and after dinner). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and quality of life were considered secondary outcomes. The risk of bias of each RCT was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias table, while the quality of evidence for each outcome was assessed using the GRADEpro software. The pooled mean difference in the number of hypoglycemic episodes and postprandial glucose between short-acting insulin analogues vs. regular human insulin was calculated using the random-effects model. Results Of the 2897 articles retrieved, 22 (6235 patients) were included. Short-acting insulin analogues were associated with a decrease in total hypoglycemic episodes (risk rate 0.93, 95% CI 0.87–0.99; 6235 patients; I2 = 81%), nocturnal hypoglycemia (risk rate 0.55, 95% CI 0.40–0.76, 1995 patients, I2 = 84%), and severe hypoglycemia (risk rate 0.68, 95% CI 0.60–0.77; 5945 patients, I2 = 0%); and with lower postprandial glucose levels (mean difference/MD − 19.44 mg/dL; 95% CI − 21.49 to − 17.39; 5031 patients, I2 = 69%) and lower HbA1c (MD − 0,13%; IC 95% − 0.16 to − 0.10; 5204 patients; I2 = 73%) levels. Conclusions Short-acting insulin analogues are superior to regular human insulin in T1DM patients for the following outcomes: total hypoglycemic episodes, nocturnal hypoglycemia, severe hypoglycemia, postprandial glucose, and HbA1c