Eksperimentalna i empirijska tehnika procjene smanjenja energije pri zagrijavanju u ovalnoj peći

In this paper an experimental and empirical methods are proposed to estimate the heat transfer enhancement in industrial heating processes in oval furnaces. An investigation was conducted to study the suitability of inserting radiant panels of different positions and radiation surface. Two case studies were considered. The maximum energy saving was obtained for case 5: 32,89 % off from the standard experiment (with no panels). The minimum energy saving was obtained for case 10: 11,72 % off from the standard experiment (with no panels). Finally, based on the results of this study, a correlation was developed to predict the inner configuration of an oval furnace.U članku su predložene eksperimentalne i empirijske metode procjene povećanja prijenosa topline u industrijskom zagrijavanju u ovalnoj peći. Istraživanje je provođeno proučavanjem usklađivanja postavljenih radijacijskih panele na različita mjesta radijacijske površine. Dva položaja su uzeta u razmatranje. Maksimum očuvane energije je polučen za slučaj 5:32,89 % u odnosu na standardni eksperiment (bez panela). Minimum očuvane energije je polučen za slučaj 10:11,72% jednako u odnosu na standardni eksperiment (bez panela). Završno, na temelju rezultata ove studije razvijana he konfiguracija predkazivanja unutarnje konfiguracije ovalne peći

Eksperimentalna i numerička simulacija analize prijenosa topline u zatvorenom prostoru

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the behavior of an oval heated closed enclosure, when variable radiant panels were introduced. The experimental investigation showed that their efficiency was depending on their position. An experimental investigation, as well as numerical simulation was carried out. Totally, 24 test runs were performed from which the maximal heating temperature was measured. The experimental findings were also compared to the simulation results and a reasonable agreement was observed. Finally, based on the results of this study, a correlation was developed to predict the inner configuration for heat transfer enhancement of an oval furnace.Glavni cilj ovog rada bila je procijena ponašanja ovalno zagrijavanog zatvorenog prostora, podijeljenog u različita polja. Experimentalna istraživanja ukazuju da iskoristivost zavisi od položaja. Također je provedena i numerička simulacija. Ukupno, provedena su 24 mjerenja maximalne teperature zagrijavanja. Provedena istraživanja su također uspoređivani s rezultatima simulacije i ustanovljena su dobra slaganja. Završno, na temelju rezultata ove studije razvijena je korelacija predkazivanja unutarnje konfiguracije za povećanje prijenosa topline u ovalnoj peći

Eksperimentalna i empirijska tehnika procjene smanjenja energije pri zagrijavanju u ovalnoj peći

In this paper an experimental and empirical methods are proposed to estimate the heat transfer enhancement in industrial heating processes in oval furnaces. An investigation was conducted to study the suitability of inserting radiant panels of different positions and radiation surface. Two case studies were considered. The maximum energy saving was obtained for case 5: 32,89 % off from the standard experiment (with no panels). The minimum energy saving was obtained for case 10: 11,72 % off from the standard experiment (with no panels). Finally, based on the results of this study, a correlation was developed to predict the inner configuration of an oval furnace.U članku su predložene eksperimentalne i empirijske metode procjene povećanja prijenosa topline u industrijskom zagrijavanju u ovalnoj peći. Istraživanje je provođeno proučavanjem usklađivanja postavljenih radijacijskih panele na različita mjesta radijacijske površine. Dva položaja su uzeta u razmatranje. Maksimum očuvane energije je polučen za slučaj 5:32,89 % u odnosu na standardni eksperiment (bez panela). Minimum očuvane energije je polučen za slučaj 10:11,72% jednako u odnosu na standardni eksperiment (bez panela). Završno, na temelju rezultata ove studije razvijana he konfiguracija predkazivanja unutarnje konfiguracije ovalne peći

On the electron energy distribution function in the high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge

We apply the Ionization Region Model (IRM) and the Orsay Boltzmann equation for ELectrons coupled with Ionization and eXcited states kinetics (OBELIX) model to study the electron kinetics of a high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge. In the IRM the bulk (cold) electrons are assumed to exhibit a Maxwellian energy distribution and the secondary (hot) electrons, emitted from the target surface upon ion bombardment, are treated as a high energy tail, while in the OBELIX the electron energy distribution is calculated self-consistently using an isotropic Boltzmann equation. The two models are merged in the sense that the output from the IRM is used as an input for OBELIX. The temporal evolutions of the particle densities are found to agree very well between the two models. Furthermore, a very good agreement is demonstrated between the bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution assumed by the IRM and the electron energy distribution calculated by the OBELIX model. It can therefore be concluded that assuming a bi-Maxwellian electron energy distribution, constituting a cold bulk electron group and a hot secondary electron group, is a good approximation for modeling the HiPIMS discharge

Quantifying methane vibrational and rotational temperature with Raman scattering

This work describes the theoretical basis and implementation of the measurement of vibrational (T vib) and rotational (T rot) temperatures in CH4 by fitting spontaneous Raman scattering spectra in the Pentad region. This method could be applied for thermal equilibrium temperature measurements applications, e.g. in combustion, or vibrational-rotational non-equilibrium applications, such as in plasma chemistry. The method of calculating these temperatures is validated against known temperature thermal equilibrium spectra up to 860 K from published data, giving an estimated relative error of 10%. This demonstrates that both the calculated stick spectrum and the algorithm to determine T vib and T rot for CH4 is robust to 860 K, but we expect it is valid to 1500 K. Additionally, a number of non-equilibrium spectra generated with a pulsed microwave plasma are fitted to find T vib and T rot, further demonstrating the applicability of this method in fitting non-equilibrium spectra.</p

Strategies to inhibit tumour associated integrin receptors: rationale for dual and multi-antagonists

YesThe integrins are a family of 24 heterodimeric transmembrane cell surface receptors. Involvement in cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, motility, and proliferation identifies integrins as therapeutic targets in cancer and associated conditions; thrombosis, angiogenesis and osteoporosis. The most reported strategy for drug development is synthesis of an agent that is highly selective for a single integrin receptor. However, the ability of cancer cells to change their integrin repertoire in response to drug treatment renders this approach vulnerable to the development of resistance and paradoxical promotion of tumor growth. Here, we review progress towards development of antagonists targeting two or more members of the RGD-binding integrins, notably αvβ3, αvβ5, αvβ6, αvβ8, α5β1, and αIIbβ3, as anticancer therapeutics