Sibylle: un systeme expert pour l'interpretation en temps reel de signaux monodimensionnels; application au signal vocal

SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Sibylle: un systeme expert pour l'interpretation en temps reel de signaux monodimensionnels; application au signal vocal

SIGLECNRS RP 148 (720) / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Interleukin‐7 receptor blockade by an anti‐ CD 127 monoclonal antibody in nonhuman primate kidney transplantation

International audienceIL‐7 is an important cytokine for T cell lymphopoiesis. Blockade of the IL‐7 signal‐ing pathway has been shown to induce long‐term graft survival or graft tolerance in murine transplant models through inhibiting T cell homeostasis and favoring im ‐munoregulation. In this study, we assessed for the first time the effects of a blocking anti‐human cluster of differentiation 127 (CD127) mAb administered in combination with low‐dose tacrolimus or thymoglobulin in a life‐sustaining kidney allograft model in baboons. Contrary to our expectation, the addition of an anti‐CD127 mAb to the treatment protocols did not prolong graft survival compared to low‐dose tacrolimus alone or thymoglobulin alone. Anti‐CD127 mAb administration led to full CD127 re ‐ceptor occupancy during the follow‐up period. However, all treated animals lost their kidney graft between 1 week and 2 weeks after transplantation. Unlike in rodents, in nonhuman primates, anti‐CD127 mAb treatment does not decrease the absolute numbers of lymphocyte and lymphocyte subsets and does not effectively inhibit postdepletional T cell proliferation and homeostasis, suggesting that IL‐7 is not a lim ‐iting factor for T cell homeostasis in primates

IL-7 receptor blockade blunts antigen-specific memory T cell responses and chronic inflammation in primates

Chronic inflammation often involves reactivation of memory adaptive immune. Here the authors show, using non-human primate models, that a single dose of anti-IL-7 receptor monoclonal antibody that exhibits antagonist but not agonist properties can reduce the frequency of antigen-specific T cell to help repress chronic skin inflammation

hCTLA4-Ig transgene expression in keratocytes modulates rejection of corneal xenografts in a pig to non-human primate anterior lamellar keratoplasty model

Human corneal allografting is an established procedure to cure corneal blindness. However, a shortage of human donor corneas as well as compounding economic, cultural, and organizational reasons in many countries limit its widespread use. Artificial corneas as well as porcine corneal xenografts have been considered as possible alternatives. To date, all preclinical studies using de-cellularized pig corneas have shown encouraging graft survival results; however, relatively few studies have been conducted in pig to non-human primate (NHP) models, and particularly using genetically engineered donors.In this study, we assessed the potential benefit of using either hCTLA4-Ig transgenic or α1,3-Galactosyl Transferase (GT) Knock-Out (KO) plus transgenic hCD39/hCD55/hCD59/fucosyl-transferase pig lines in an anterior lamellar keratoplasty pig to NHP model.Corneas from transgenic animals expressing hCTLA4-Ig under the transcriptional control of a neuron-specific enolase promoter showed transgene expression in corneal keratocytes of the stroma and expression was maintained after transplantation. Although a first acute rejection episode occurred in all animals during the second week post-keratoplasty, the median final rejection time was 70 days in the hCTLA4-Ig group vs. 21 days in the wild-type (WT) control group. In contrast, no benefit for corneal xenograft survival from the GTKO/transgenic pig line was found. At rejection, cell infiltration in hCTLA4Ig transgenic grafts was mainly composed of macrophages with fewer CD3+ CD4+ and CD79+ cells than in other types of grafts. Anti-donor xenoantibodies increased dramatically between days 9 and 14 post-surgery in all animals.Local expression of the hCTLA4-Ig transgene dampens rejection of xenogeneic corneal grafts in this pig-to-NHP lamellar keratoplasty model. The hCTLA4-Ig transgene seems to target T-cell responses without impacting humoral responses, the control of which would presumably require additional peripheral immunosuppression

High Risk of Anal and Rectal Cancer in Patients With Anal and/or Perianal Crohn’s Disease

International audienceBackground & AimsLittle is known about the magnitude of the risk of anal and rectal cancer in patients with anal and/or perineal Crohn’s disease. We aimed to assess the risk of anal and rectal cancer in patients with Crohn’s perianal disease followed up in the Cancers Et Surrisque Associé aux Maladies Inflammatoires Intestinales En France (CESAME) cohort.MethodsWe collected data from 19,486 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) enrolled in the observational CESAME study in France, from May 2004 through June 2005; 14.9% of participants had past or current anal and/or perianal Crohn’s disease. Subjects were followed up for a median time of 35 months (interquartile range, 29–40 mo). To identify risk factors for anal cancer in the total CESAME population, we performed a case-control study in which participants were matched for age and sex.ResultsAmong the total IBD population, 8 patients developed anal cancer and 14 patients developed rectal cancer. In the subgroup of 2911 patients with past or current anal and/or perianal Crohn’s lesions at cohort entry, 2 developed anal squamous-cell carcinoma, 3 developed perianal fistula–related adenocarcinoma, and 6 developed rectal cancer. The corresponding incidence rates were 0.26 per 1000 patient-years for anal squamous-cell carcinoma, 0.38 per 1000 patient-years for perianal fistula–related adenocarcinoma, and 0.77 per 1000 patient-years for rectal cancer. Among the 16,575 patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease without anal or perianal lesions, the incidence rate of anal cancer was 0.08 per 1000 patient-years and of rectal cancer was 0.21 per 1000 patient-years. Among factors tested by univariate conditional regression (IBD subtype, disease duration, exposure to immune-suppressive therapy, presence of past or current anal and/or perianal lesions), the presence of past or current anal and/or perianal lesions at cohort entry was the only factor significantly associated with development of anal cancer (odds ratio, 11.2; 95% CI, 1.18-551.51; P = .03).ConclusionsIn an analysis of data from the CESAME cohort in France, patients with anal and/or perianal Crohn’s disease have a high risk of anal cancer, including perianal fistula–related cancer, and a high risk of rectal cancer