On the Social Status of Some Gold Finds Dated to the 4th-7th Centuries from Todays Bulgarian Lands

The article discusses the social status of finds from the Late Antiquity or Early Byzantine or also called Migration Period in todays Bulgarian lands. The finds are interpreted in respect of their function and technique alongside with their parallels in barbarian culture

Presowing with Bacteria Improved the Productivity and Resistance to Fungal Root Pathogen in Wheat and Barley

It is well known that reducing the extent of damage to grain crops by root rot causing agents is one of the most effective ways to increase the yield of agricultural grain crops and improve their quality. These diseases are especially harmful for hard wheat, barley, soft spring wheat, and winter rye. Yield losses due to these diseases may reach 19–20% or more for wheat and 25–30% or more for barley. In order to assess the effectiveness of the bacteria isolated from earthworm coprolites as biological control agents, we conducted a series of field tests in Western Siberia from 2011 to 2015. We compared growth and development indicators of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Irgina variety) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L., Acha variety) where seeds were treated with Bacillus cereus and two strains of Pseudomonas. The results showed that the inoculation increased the grain yield by 0.2–1.0 t ha−1 for spring wheat and by 0.3–1.8 t ha−1 for barley. In addition, the prevalence of the disease in spring wheat plants was significantly reduced from 18.1–61.1% in the control plots to 6.4–50.2% in the inoculated plots. Similarly, the index of root rot development decreased from 18.2–23.0% in the control plots to 13.2–15.8% in the inoculated plots. To understand the mechanism that induces the spring wheat resistance to fungal root rots under the influence of rhizobacteria, we investigated the effect on the guaiacol-dependent peroxidase activity. There was an inverse relationship between the peroxidase activity in wheat tissues and damage of plants caused by root rot agents indicating that the response of peroxidase enzymes to plant inoculation is a meaningful indicator that can be used to assess the potential of a particular strain as a biological agent for protecting spring wheat

Effect of bacterization with Aeromonas media GS4 and Pseudomonas extremorientalis PhS1 on wheat seedlings under different abiotic conditions

We studied the effect of soft wheat seed treatment (Triticum aestivum L.) with two bacterial strains (Aeromonas media GS4 and Pseudomonas extremorientalis PhS1) isolated from earthworm coprolites on the growth and development of wheat seedlings in a 12-day laboratory experiment, as well as on root rot disease and the activity of guaiacol-dependant peroxidase under optimal conditions and abiotic stress (elevated and low temperatures and moisture content). We established that growing nonbacterized wheat plants under stress abiotic conditions reduced the height of plants compared to growing under optimal abiotic conditions, and seed bacterization with P. extremorientalis PhS1 strain increased wheat plant height (by 9-15%) under stress abiotic conditions compared to the nonbacterized plants. Bacterization with both strains decreased infestation of wheat seedlings (2.5-4 times) by root rots under unfavorable abiotic conditions compared to nonbacterized plants. In addition, under optimal and arid conditions, bacterization with P. extremorientalis PhS1 strain was the most effective, and under humid conditions it was bacterization with A. media GS4 strain. We showed that the activity of guaiacol-dependant peroxidase correlates with the development of plant resistance to abiotic stress. In our experiments, plant bacterization resulted in a 2-fold increase in peroxidase activity both in leaves and roots of wheat plants compared to the nonbacterized plants. As the result, the ability of bacteria to activate peroxidase can serve as an information indicator of strengthening protective mechanisms of plants during bacterization

The mathematical simulation of the temperature fields of building envelopes under permanent frozen soil conditions

The physical-mathematical model of the thermal state of the aired technical underground taking into account the air exchange and design features of construction under permanent frozen soil conditions has been suggested. The computational scheme of the temperature fields prediction of building envelopes of projected buildings and soil under and nearby buildings has been developed. The numerical simulation of the temperature fields of building envelopes changes was conducted during a year. The results of the numerical simulation showed that the heat coming from the technical undergrounds and through the walls does not influence the temperature field of the soil neither under a building nor at a distance from it

Prospects for the peat using as the basis of the soil-like substrate in mini-ecosystems modelling

Global urbanization is causing a constant decline in arable land as cities and associated industrial zones are "attacking" adjacent agricultural areas. One of the promising ways to solve the problem of increasing food production for the constantly growing population of the planet against the background of rapidly decreasing land resources is the development of fundamentally new alternative methods for the production of crop products, including in greenhouses. The fundamental basis for technological optimization of plant cultivation parameters and the output of the productive process of a particular crop to the maximum of its genetic capacities can be the development of artificial mini-ecosystems based on the reproduction of nature-like processes, implying the balance and combination in one volume of the processes of plant production and reduction of organic waste, initiated directly in the zone of the rhizosphere of plants due to the introduction of technological earthworms into the reduction zone. According to the results of model studies presented in this article, peat is an acceptable basis for the substrate of the root block of a mini-ecosystem, and the introduction of earthworms Eisenia fetida Sav. into the reduction zone does not have a negative effect on lettuce plants, provided that it is used as an energy substrate for cattle manure worms in quantities not exceeding 10 - 20% of the total volume of the substrate

Pseudomonads associated with soil lumbricides as promising agents in root rot biocontrol for spring grain crops

Currently, crop yields can be increased by high farming standards which include environmentally friendly use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as their replacement by bioformulations having similar activity. That is why both search for new promising species, strains and isolates of bacterial antagonists for their potential use as biocontrol agents, and study of antifungal activity mechanisms, particularly the relationship between the activity in model tests and in agrocenoses, are relevant. The aim of this study was to estimate bacterial isolates from redworm coprolites as potential bioactive agents to control phytopathogenic fungi causing root rot of crops. The experiments were conducted in 2013-2015. In the preliminary laboratory screening for fungistatic and growth-promoting activity we selected two strains, Pseudomonas sp. GS4 and Pseudomonas sp. PhS1, and assessed their ability to decrease the growth rate of fungal colonies in Petri dish test on nutrient agar medium and to reduce seed infestation of soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L., Irgin cultivar) in sterile paper roll test. Seeds soaked in distilled water served as control. As a standard, we used seed treatment with a chemical fungicide Dividend® Star («Syngenta AG», Switzerland) (30 g/l difenoconazole, 6.3 g/l cyproconazole) at recommended rates. In field tests, we recorded root rots in soft wheat Irgin cultivar plants and in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Acha cultivar plants during tillering and beginning of blooming. The laboratory tests showed a statistically significant (р < 0.05) 1.5-2.5-fold decrease in the growth rate of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria spp. as compared to control. In all experiments with bacterization, there was a 53-76 % decrease (р < 0.05) in total seed infestation by pathogens as compared to non-bacterized plants. The effect of the bacteria in planta was assessed in small model systems. The obtained data show a statistically significant (р < 0.05) reduction in the root rot disease incidence in bacterization with Pseudomonassp. GS4 (by 33-37 %) and Pseudomonas sp. PhS1 (by 57-60 %). Root rot disease severity decreases 2.1-2.4-fold and 3.3-3.5-fold, respectively. In 2015, we revealed a tendency towards a 19-70 % increase in the total number of rhizosphere microorganisms at the beginning of plant blooming depending on the crop and type of bacterization. The number of hosphate-mobilizing bacteria in the rhizosphere under bacterization was, on average, 5.5-7.2-fold higher in wheat and 2.1-3.2-fold higher in barley than that without bacterization. Our results of root rot field study in the 2013-2015 showed the efficacy of both monocultures and complex bacterization which provided a decrease in wheat and barley root rot disease severity by 6.5-57.6 % and 18.6-50.0 %, respectively, depending on the bacterial culture and the weather conditions. The maximum biological efficacy of the isolates is noted at the beginning of blooming

Forecast of Stability of the Economy of the Russian Federation with the AI-System “Decision Tree” in a Cognitive Model

Increased use of modern mathematical algorithms based on artificial intelligence determined the relevance of this study, which is important for predicting the sustainable development of the country's economy in general and its banking sector in particular. To achieve the purpose of the research, the presented work used methods such as monographic, analytical, statistical, cognitive model, and artificial intelligence system "Random Forest". The aim of the study is to prove or disprove the hypothesis that, using a cognitive model, using the Random Forest ML model, it is possible to obtain an accurate forecast of the value of the "sustainability coefficient", reflecting the stability of the domestic economy. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the fact that the author's approach is proposed for indicating the crisis state of the economy through the calculation and neural network forecasting by the machine learning model "Random Forest" of the "Stability Coefficient" of the economy, which is calculated as the quotient of dividing the profit index of the banking system to the GDP growth index. The possibility of practical application in the banking sector determines the practical significance of the conducted scientific research since the approach proposed by the authors regarding the formation of a forecast of the “sustainability coefficient” can be successfully used to support managerial decision-making at the strategic level in the banking system. A hypothesis was put forward and proven that based on the use of a digital cognitive model and the Random Forest ML system, a forecast of economic stability can be successfully generated

Iconography Power of the Pagan Bulgarian Ruler: Images, Symbolism and Iakovos Menelaou Byzantine Satire: The Background in the Timarion

The ideas of ruler's power of the pagan Bulgarians and their expression are a question of debates concerning different fields of humanities such as history, archaeology, epigraphy, religious studies, and art history. The discussion proposed tends to seek the ideological basis of the ruler's power as seen through cosmogonic, religious and political notions preserved in written historical sources, traces of rites and beliefs in mythology and folklore and in the arts. Thus, the three levels of the ruler''s ideology are considered : the written/verbal texts, ritual texts and visual texts in order to find out a set of iconographic formulae of expressing the power of the pagan Bulgarian ruler.Minaeva Oksana. Iconography Power of the Pagan Bulgarian Ruler: Images, Symbolism and Iakovos Menelaou Byzantine Satire: The Background in the Timarion . In: Hiperboreea. Journal of History, vol. 4, N°2, 2017. pp. 5-52