Collaborative Exploration of Legume Crops and Wild Vigna Genetic Resources in Sagaing Region, Myanmar 2019

To collect legume genetic resources, a field survey was conducted in the Sagaing Region, Myanmar, from November 1 to 17, 2019. We concentrated on the collection of wild legumes belonging to genus Vigna. As a result, we collected a total of 43 seed samples from 23 survey sites and recorded three additional survey sites from where no seed samples could be collected. Collected seed samples consisted of 2 accessions of domesticated Glycine max (soybean), 2 of domesticated Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean), 1 of domesticated Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (winged bean), 20 of Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (wild azuki bean), 6 of Vigna hirtella complex (wild Vigna), 6 of Vigna tenuicaulis (wild Vigna), 3 of domesticated Vigna umbellata (rice bean), and 3 of domesticated Vigna unguiculata (cowpea/yardlong bean). The collected seed samples have been primarily conserved in the seed bank of the Department of Agricultural Research in Myanmar, and the subset was transferred to the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Genebank in Japan under the Standard Material Transfer Agreement of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. After the multiplication of seeds in Tsukuba Japan, the NARO Genebank plans to conserve them as distributable genetic resources for research, breeding, and training purposes for food and agriculture.マメ科作物の遺伝資源を収集するために，2019年11月1日から17日にかけてミャンマー連邦共和国ザガイン地方域における二国間共同現地調査を実施した．調査は，特にササゲ属野生種遺伝資源を主対象として行われた．その結果，合計43サンプルの遺伝資源を収集し，それに加えて3地点の遺伝資源生育地情報を記録した．収集品の内訳は，ダイズ（Glycine max） 2点，フジマメ（Lablab purpureus） 2点，シカクマメ（Psophocarpus tetragonolobus）1点，ツルアズキ（Vigna umbellata）3点，ササゲ/ジュウロクササゲ（Vigna unguiculata）3点，野生アズキ（Vigna angularis var. nipponensis）20点, Vigna属野生植物（Vigna hirtella complex）6点，Vigna属野生植物（Vigna tenuicaulis）6点である．収集した遺伝資源は，原産国ミャンマーのシードバンクに保存し，そのサブセットをITPGRFAのSMTAを用いてNAROジーンバンクに移転した．NAROジーンバンクでは，本調査で収集した種子を用いて増殖・特性評価を行った後，食糧農業に関する教育・研究・育種利用目的のために配布可能な遺伝資源として公開予定である（https://www.gene.affrc.go.jp/index_en.php）．Figure 3点, Table 4点, Photo 91点, Seed Photo 4

Collaborative Exploration of Cucurbitaceae Vegetable Genetic Resources in Myanmar\nin 2019

This study describes the exploration of genetic resources of cucurbitaceous vegetables in northwestern Myanmar, Sagaing region, and this study was jointly conducted by the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Japan, and the Department of Agriculture Research, Myanmar. A field survey was conducted in northwestern Myanmar from November 1 to 17, 2019. We collected a total of 24 accessions, 16 from Cucumis sativus L., two from Cucumis melo L., three from Cucurbita moschata Duchense, one from Cucurbita maxima Duchense ex Lam., one from Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb., and one from Momordica charantia L. The collected accessions were stored as seeds at the Myanmar Seed Bank and subsets were transferred to the Genetic Resources Center, NARO, using a standard material transfer agreement.本報告は農林水産省委託プロジェクト研究「海外植物遺伝資源の収集・提供強化」の予算により実施され，国立研究開発法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構とミャンマー植物遺伝資源センターとの間で行われたミャンマー北西部ザガイン管区におけるウリ科野菜遺伝資源の探索・収集に関わる調査報告書である．調査は2019年11月1日～17日にかけて行った．カムティ省のカムティ郡、ラヘ郡、レイシ郡において探索・調査を行った．その結果，キュウリ（Cucumis sativus）16点，ニホンカボチャ（Cucurbita moschata）3点，メロン（Cucumis melo）2点，セイヨウカボチャ（Cucurbita maxima），トカドヘチマ（Luffa acutangula）およびツルレイシ（Momordica charantia）の計24点の野菜遺伝資源を収集した．収集された遺伝資源種子の半分はミャンマー農業研究局シードバンクで保存され，残りはSMTAを用いて国立研究開発法人農業・食品産業技術総合研究機構ジーンバンクに移転された．Figure 1点, Table 3点, Photo 12点, Sample Photo 17

Comparisons on the nutritive values of local and introduced forages and feed mixture for ruminant feed in central dry zone of Myanmar

This study aimed to compare nutritive values of local (Sorghum) and introduced (Mombasa) forages and their feed mixtures for ruminant feed in central dry zone of Myanmar. Sorghum based feed mixtures (FeedMix-1, 2 and 3) were the commonly used feed mixtures for cattle in dry zone of Myanmar and other feed mixtures (FeedMix-4, 5 and 6) were based on Mombasa. The lower CP and higher fibre contents (P<0.05) were observed in sorghum and its feed mixtures. The highest gas volumes (P<0.05) were observed in the FeedMix-4 and 6, and then the lowest gas volume (P<0.05) was observed in FeedMix-3. The gas production from quickly soluble fraction (a) of sorghum was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of Mombasa, inversely the gas production from insoluble fraction (b) of sorghum was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of Mombasa. Moreover, potential gas production (a+b), ME, OMD and SCFA of sorghum were also significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of Mombasa. The value of “a” was lowest (P<0.05) in FeedMix-1, whereas the highest value was found in FeedMix-6. The lowest values (P<0.05) of “b”, “a+b”, ME, OMD and SCFA were observed in FeedMix-3 and the highest values (P<0.05) of those parameters were found in FeedMix-4. Thus, the higher nutritive values observed in the introduced forage, Mombasa and its feed mixtures were indicating that Mombasa should be used instead of sorghum for the feed of cattle in dry zone of Myanmar.&nbsp

A Field Study Collecting Cultivated Crops and Useful Plants in Sagaing Region of Myanmar in 2014

This is a report of a cooperative field study team that explored plant genetic resources in northern Sagaing Region of Myanmar in November 2014. Naga villages in rather isolated areas that might have harbored crop diversity were targeted based on recent field studies and observation on plant genetic resources of mountainous villages in Southeast Asia. The team visited scattered Naga villages in Hkamti and Lahe Townships to collect plant genetic resources together with the GPS data and information about their vernacular names, agricultural practices, and food preparation or other uses. Slash-and-burn cultivation was commonly practiced on mountain slopes, where sorghum, Job\u27s tears, maize, finger millet, lablab bean, rice bean, soybean, cassava, yams, shallot, tomato, perilla, chili pepper, roselle, bitter gourd, cowpea, sponge gourd, pumpkin, taro, yam, a tall chenopod, holy basil, Elsholtzia blanda, mustard, banana, ginger, etc. were grown in addition to the staple food crop, rice. The field study team collected 102 samples of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, which included rice (29 samples), maize (6), cowpea (5), chili pepper (5), Zanthoxylum spp. (4), kidney bean (4), Job\u27s tear (3), foxtail millet (3), rice bean (3), soybean (3), Chenopodium sp. (3), perilla (3) and others together with available information, which were to be conserved at gene banks in Myanmar and Japan. The vernacular names collected for chosen crops were highly various particularly in Lahe Township. Commonality of crops grown on the mountainous slashand-burn cultivation fields in Sagaing Region to those of Kachin State of Myanmar, those of Lao PDR and those of Nagaland of India suggests that the people of those areas share "Southeast Asia Agriculture Basic Complex". There still remain diverse crop landraces in mountainous Sagaing Region, but the agricultural biodiversity will disappear rather quickly due to drastic socio-economical changes taking place there. We concluded that indigenous crop varieties on those areas need to be collected and studied as soon as possible.本報は2014年11月にャンマーのザガイン地方域，とくにナガ族居住山地を対象に実施した植物遺伝資源に関する共同現地調査隊の報告である．今までに行なってきた東南アジアの山村での現地調査や観察の結果，他地域との交流が活発ではなく多様な在来作物・有用植物遺伝資源の収集が期待されるナガ族居住地域を対象に選んだ．本調査隊はカムティ郡区およびラヘー郡区のナガ族山村を訪問し，GPS情報，方名，農作業法，調理法等の利用法とともに植物遺伝資源を収集した．山地の傾斜地では焼畑が共通して営まれ，主要食用作物であるイネとともに，モロコシ，ハトムギ，トウモロコシ，シコクビエ，フジマメ，タケアズキ，ダイズ，キャッサバ，シャロット，トマト，エゴマ，トウガラシ，ローゼル，ニガウリ，ササゲ，ヘチマ，カボチャ，サトイモ類，ヤマイモ類，背の高いアカザ類，カミメボウキ，ナギナタコウジュ類，カラシナ，バナナ，ショウガ等が栽培されていた．現地調査隊はイネ29点，トウモロコシ6点，ササゲ5点，トウガラシ類5点，サンショウ類4点，インゲンマメ4点，ハトムギ3点，アワ3点，タケアズキ3点，ダイズ3点，アカザ類3点，エゴマ3点他，計102点を収集し，これらはミャンマーと日本の両国のジーンバンクで保存されることとなった．調査した作物の方名は多様で，特にラヘー郡区で顕著であった．また，ザガイン地方域の山地の焼畑で栽培される作物の種類はカチン州，ラオス中北部，インド・ナガランド州の山地の焼畑で栽培されるものとの共通性が高く，これらの地域の人々が「東南アジア農耕文化基本複合」を共有していることが示唆された．ザガイン地方域の山地には多様な作物の地方品種が残存している一方，現在急速に進んでいる社会経済的な変革によって農業生物多様性が滅失すると考えられる．この地域の作物遺伝資源を可及的速やかに収集し研究すべきであると結論した

Evaluation on dry forage yields and nutritional characteristics of introduced herbaceous legumes in Myanmar

The study was carried out to evaluate the forage yields, nutritive values and in vitro fermentation parameters of herbaceous legumes. Five varieties of introduced herbaceous legumes; Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Ubon stylo, Macrotyloma axillare cv. Archer, Centrosema brasilianum cv. Ooloo, Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Stylo 184 and Macroptilum bracteatum cv. Cadarga were evaluated at the research farm, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Myanmar. No fertilizer and no irrigation were applied for cultivation to test drought resistance. Dry forage yield, nutritive values and gas production at four harvesting times were measured with 4×5 factorial arrangement (5 legumes and 4 harvesting time) in randomized complete block design. There was no interaction between legumes and harvesting time on forage yield, nutritive values and fermentation parameters but they were affected by the main effects of legume types and harvesting time. Among the legume forages, the highest dry forage yields were found in Ooloo, Ubon stylo, and Stylo 184, and followed by the DM yield of Archer and Cadarga. The DM yield of the second harvest was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the first, third and fourth harvest which were not significantly different from each other. As a chemical composition, the DM content of Archer was lower (p<0.05) than those of other varieties. Among the legumes forages, the lower CP content was found in Cadarga. The higher NDF was observed in Ooloo. Ooloo, Ubon stylo and Cadarga showed higher ADF in comparison with the other two varieties. Among the harvesting time, the lowest DM content was found at the first harvest. The highest CP content was found at third harvest. The NDF content was not significantly different. The lowest ADF content was found in fourth harvest. According to the dry forage yield, Ubon stylo and Ooloo had the highest dry forage yield and in term of nutritive values, Stylo 184 and Archer had higher nutritive values. As the main effect of forages, Stylo 184 and Archer had higher gas production in comparison with the other varieties. As the main effect of harvesting time, the fourth harvest had the highest gas production in comparison with other harvesting time. It could be better for cultivation by application of fertilizer and irrigation to get more forage yield and quality. &nbsp

ミャンマーにおけるマメ類遺伝資源の調査と収集 (2002年10月15日～11月15日)

A collaborative mission to explore and collect cultivated and wild legumes in Myanmar was conducted from 15th October to 15th November 2002. During this mission, Yangon Division, Ayeyarwaddy Division, Bago Division, Mandalay Division, Shan State, Kachin State, Sagain Division, Magway Division and Chin State were surveyed. A total of 87 seed samples of legume germplasm were collected, which consist of 11 cultivated species and 9 wild species. For cultivated species, 2 samples of Canavalia gladiata, 6 of Glycine max, 1 of Lablab purpureus, 1 of Macrotyloma uniflorum, 1 of Mucuna pruriens var. utilis , 6 of Phaseolus lunatus, 1 of Phaseolus vulgaris, 3 of Vigna mungo, 8 of Vigna radiata, 4 of Vigna umbellata and 7 of Vigna unguiculata were collected. Among them, V. radiata (mungbean) is the most important and V. mungo is the second most important species in Myanmar. V. unguiculata and V. umbellata are also widely cultivated especially under shifting cultivation (called taunya) in mountainous area. A farmer in Kachin State recognized the weed control effect of Vigna umbellata. Canavalia and Mucuna are rare crops and were found in Chin State. Macrotyloma was used to make fermented paste called Pone Ye Kyi. For wild species, 4 samples of V. hirtella, 1 of V. mungo var. silvestris, 4 of V. radiata var. sublobata, 6 of V. stipulacea, 20 of V. tenuicaulis, 1 of V. trilobata, 1 of V. trinervia, 4 of V. umbellata, 6 of V. angularis var. nipponensis and 1 weedy form of V. angularis were collected. A farmer recognized gene flow from wild mungbean to cultivated mungbean based on the seed color change. A farmer in Shan State told us that he collected and ate wild V. umbellata in the same manner as cultivated V. umbellata (rice bean). In a village in Magway Division, shoots of V. mungo var. silvestris are boiled down and the decoction was treated to the skin of patients who have kidney ailments. For each collected wild legume sample, herbarium specimens were also collected. This exploration revealed that diversity of wild Vigna species in Myanmar is much higher than previously realized

A Field Study Exploring Plant Genetic Resources in Kachin State and Chin State, Myanmar in 2017

Here, we report a Myanmar-Japan cooperative field study exploring plant genetic resources (PGRs) mainly in northern Kachin State and southern Chin State, Myanmar in November 2017. The field study was conducted in the above-mentioned areas where small exploration missions were dispatched, even though crop diversity was expected. Crop diversity has previously been observed in hilly and mountainous areas in Sagaing Region, which border Kachin State and Chin State. There were four objectives of this field study. First, we planned to survey cultivated and useful plants by visiting villages and marketplaces in Putao district of Kachin State. We visited a large basin and the surrounding hills at altitudes of 370 ? 530 m. The major crop in the basin was rice and various legumes, cereals, spices, herbs, medicinal plants, and vegetables were grown in cultivated fields, backyard garden, and in local marketplaces. Second, we intended to visit local villages at higher altitudes of 900 ? 1,540 m crossing higher passes in Mindat district of the southern Chin State and vicinity for survey. Although rice was also an important crop in those regions, its cultivation was limited to terraces in the valleys or small basins where irrigation water was available. There were small sloping cultivation fields near farmers’ houses where various crops were grown, as observed in Putao district. Cultivation of elephant foot yam was recently introduced as a cash crop, which might have led to the loss of traditionally grown crops, such as foxtail millet and finger millet. The third objective was to collect PGRs for food and agriculture. We collected 245 plant samples in Putao district of Kachin State (147 samples), Mindat district of Chin State (89) and neighboring Magway Region (8), and Yangon Region (1) of Myanmar, which included legumes (46), cereals (75), spices, herbs and medicinal plants (28), various vegetables (92), and others (4). The fourth objective was to collect the vernacular names and confirm the utilization methods of the crops and useful plants from an ethnobotanical perspective. Shan, Rawang, Jinghpaw, and Lisu people often used similar crop names within their respective languages in Putao district of Kachin State. Although they live close to other people in the district, they have maintained their own vernacular names for a variety of cultivated crops. Conversely, Chin people use various words for each crop among villages in Mindat district of Chin State. Consequently, we observed a diversity of cultivated and useful plants in Putao district of Kachin State and Mindat district of Chin State. These were collected as potential PGRs to be conserved at DAR Seed Bank in Myanmar and at the Genetic Resources Center (GRC) of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), which implements the NARO Genebank Project (NARO GBP) in Japan. We observed the recent introduction of some cash crops, such as elephant foot yam and coffee trees, into the mountainous areas of Chin State, which might have led to the loss of traditionally grown crops, such as foxtail millet and finger millet. Further studies are needed on several wild and/or semi-domesticated Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae plants used by local people both in Kachin State and Chin State for accurate taxonomic identification and analysis of diversity. It is important to consider introducing cash crops and the possible utilization of traditional cultivated and useful plants in order to develop agriculture in hilly and mountainous peripheral areas of Myanmar such as Putao and Mindat districts.本報告は，2017年11月にミャンマーのカチン北部およびチン州南部で日本とミャンマーが共同で実施した植物遺伝資源に関するフィールド研究の報告である．本フィールド研究は隣接するザガイン地方域における先行研究による知見に基づいて，作物の多様性が期待されるが探索があまりなされていない上記の地域を対象に計画，実行された．4つの目的があった．第一に，カチン州のプタオ県（district）の村や市場を訪れ，栽培された有用植物を調査する．私たちは標高370 ~ 530 mの広い盆地と周辺の丘陵部を訪れ，主要な作物は盆地のイネであるが，畑，バックヤードガーデン，地元の市場などでさまざまなマメ類，穀類，スパイス，ハーブ，薬草や野菜を確認した．第二に，私たちはチン州南部のミンダッ県及びその近傍の900 ~ 1,540 mのより高い標高の村々をさらに高い峠を越えながら訪問し調査することを計画した．イネはここでも重要な作物であったが，その栽培は灌漑用水が利用できる谷または小さな盆地のテラスに限られていた．プタオ県と同様に様々な作物が農家の近くの小さな傾斜畑に栽培されていた．近年，新しい換金作物であるコンニャク等の栽培がチン州に導入されアワやシコクビエなど伝統的作物が失われているようある．第三の目的は農業食糧遺伝資源を収集することであった．ミャンマーのカチン州プタオ県で147点，チン州ミンダッ地区で89点，近接するマグエ地方域で8点，ヤンゴン地方域で1点の計245点を収集した．それにはマメ科植物（46点），穀類（75点），スパイス・ハーブ・薬草（28点），野菜（92点），その他（4点）が含まれていた．四番目の目的は，民族植物学的視点から，作物や有用植物の方名（現地語での呼称）と利用方法を収集することであった．作物の名前に関しては，カチン州プタオ県のシャン人，ラワン人，ジンポー人，リス人は異なる村でもそれぞれの言語内では共通性のある作物名を使用する．彼らは地区内で互いに近くに住んでいるにもかかわらず，様々な栽培作物の呼称は独自の方名を維持している．一方，チン人は，チン州のミンダッ地区の調査で各作物について村ごとにある程度異なる呼称を使用している．本研究の結果，私たちはカチン州プタオ県とチン州ミンダット県に多様な栽培植物や有用植物を観察し，それらをミャンマーの農業研究局のシードバンクとわが国の農業生物資源ジーンバンクに保存される植物遺伝資源として収集した．近年チン州の山岳地帯にコンニャクやコーヒーノキなどの換金作物の導入を確認した．これによって伝統的に栽培されていたアワやシコクビエのような伝統作物が失われた可能性がある．カチン州とチン州の地元住民が利用している野生ないしは半栽培のウリ科植物やナス科植物は，専門家による正確な分類学的同定や多様性分析などさらに研究が必要である．プタオ県やミンダッ県のようなミャンマー周縁部の丘陵・山間地域の農業を発展させるためには，現金作物の導入だけでなく，伝統的な栽培された有用植物の活用の検討も重要と思われる

A Field Study to Explore Plant Genetic Resources in the Sagain Region of Myanmar in 2015

This is a report of a Myanmar-Japan cooperative field study exploring plant genetic resources in the northern Sagaing Region of Myanmar in November 2015. The study was conducted as part of the Grant-in-Aid Program (KAKEN) for Overseas Academic Survey of Basic Research Type A titled “Utilization and Conservation of Endangered Plant Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge and Evaluation of Influence from Local Development Activities and International Economy in Remote Area of Minorities Dwelling” (Program code No. 25257416, Program Leader: Prof. Dr. Kazuo Watanabe, Tsukuba University). The field study was based on previous works (Domon et al. 2015a, 2015b) conducted in Hkamti and Lahe townships, which indicated that the people in the scattered villages in the hilly and mountainous areas maintained a diversity of traditional crops and varieties, mainly in slash-and-burn cultivation fields and backyard gardens. The objectives of the field study were to confirm the crop diversity in the areas and explore more plant genetic resources, as well as to gather relevant information including the surrounding areas. The main target areas were Lahe township and neighboring Layshee township, which are two of the three townships in the Naga Self-Administered Zone. We interviewed village people and collected plant genetic resources together with location data and information about plant species vernacular names, agricultural practices and food preparation or other uses. Slash-and-burn cultivation was commonly practiced on mountain slopes where rice, other cereals, food legume, roots and tuber crops, various vegetables and miscellaneous herbs and spices are planted in mixed cropping. On the other hand, terraced-rice farming is commonly practiced using mountain stream water for irrigation in Layshee township, while slash-and-burn cultivation was of the secondary importance there. We collected 82 samples of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, which included rice (46 samples), wild azuki bean (4), chili pepper (3), perilla (3), rice bean (3), tree spinach (3), foxtail millet (2), Job’s tears (2), cowpea (2), soybean (2), Chinese peppers (2), amaranth (1), brown mustard (1), cucumber (1), black seed squash (1), lablab bean (1), basil (1), Italian parsley (1), common bean (1), sesame (1), and sorghum (1). The collected plant materials were divided into two subsets - one to be conserved at the Seed Bank of Myanmar while the other will be maintained at NIAS Genetic Resources Center (NIAS GRC, now NARO GRC) in Japan, after transfer there in accordance with national and international legislation and operative procedures

Detection of Blast Resistance genes on Cultivated Rice in Myanmar using SSR and InDel Markers

The present study was conducted to detect the presence of blast resistance genes in cultivated rice in Myanmar. Thirteen blast resistance genes _Pib, Pik, Pik-h, Pik-m, Pik-s, Pi7, Pish, Pita, Pita-2, Piz-t, Pi(5)t and Piz-5_were screened on 57 released varieties by using 13 linked markers; 12 Simple Sequence Repeats and one Insertion Deletion, through polymerase chain reaction based methods. The genetic frequencies of these 13 major blast resistance genes ranged from 43.86% (Pik-m) to 7.02% (Piz-t) whereas Pita resistance gene amplicon was not observed on all tested varieties. The Pik-m gene was detected as the most prevalent one amongst the genotypes followed by Pi7 which distributed in frequency of 42.11%, Pik , Pita-2 and Pi5(t) (22.81%), Pik-s (21.05%) , Pib and Pik-h (19.30%), Pik (17.54%), Piz-5 (14.04%) and Pish (12.28%). The genotypic variation between the released varieties was detected. Among 57 released varieties, two varieties — Manawthuka and Mote Soe Ma Kyway Pyay line MMK 03-23-3 — possessed seven blast resistance genes the other 12 varieties carried single genes, five varieties five resistance genes, 13 varieties four resistance genes, six varieties three resistance genes and 15 varieties two resistance genes. In the rest four varieties resistance genes could not be amplified by tested markers. This study provided the information of resistant varieties that will be beneficial in pre-breeding program for developing of rice blast resistance varieties