2,626 research outputs found
Do Universities Have a Role in Managing Public Schools: Lessons from the Penn Partnership Schools
Over the past several years, the standards based reform movement has produced increasingly dramatic shifts in the relationship between educational policies and school-based practices. The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 has further intensified public scrutiny and local accountability for demonstrating that all children meet national standards in their learning. However, to achieve desired improvements in student learning, it is clear that many schools must fundamentally rethink the ways in which they organize instructional practices
ChOiRe: Characterizing and Predicting Human Opinions with Chain of Opinion Reasoning
Aligning language models (LMs) with human opinion is challenging yet vital to
enhance their grasp of human values, preferences, and beliefs. We present
ChOiRe, a four-step solution framework to predict human opinion that
differentiates between the user explicit personae (i.e. demographic or
ideological attributes) that are manually declared and implicit personae
inferred from user historical opinions. Specifically, it consists of (i) an LM
analyzing the user explicit personae to filter out irrelevant attributes; (ii)
the LM ranking the implicit persona opinions into a preferential list; (iii)
Chain-of-Opinion (CoO) reasoning, where the LM sequentially analyzes the
explicit personae and the most relevant implicit personae to perform opinion
prediction; (iv) and where ChOiRe executes Step (iii) CoO multiple times with
increasingly larger lists of implicit personae to overcome insufficient
personae information to infer a final result. ChOiRe achieves new
state-of-the-art effectiveness with limited inference calls, improving previous
LLM-based techniques significantly by 3.22%.Comment: 17 page
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Directing mesenchymal stem cells to bone to augment bone formation and increase bone mass.
Aging reduces the number of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that can differentiate into osteoblasts in the bone marrow, which leads to impairment of osteogenesis. However, if MSCs could be directed toward osteogenic differentiation, they could be a viable therapeutic option for bone regeneration. We have developed a method to direct MSCs to the bone surface by attaching a synthetic high-affinity and specific peptidomimetic ligand (LLP2A) against integrin α4β1 on the MSC surface to a bisphosphonate (alendronate, Ale) that has a high affinity for bone. LLP2A-Ale induced MSC migration and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. A single intravenous injection of LLP2A-Ale increased trabecular bone formation and bone mass in both xenotransplantation studies and in immunocompetent mice. Additionally, LLP2A-Ale prevented trabecular bone loss after peak bone acquisition was achieved or as a result of estrogen deficiency. These results provide proof of principle that LLP2A-Ale can direct MSCs to the bone to form new bone and increase bone strength
Radiation-Pressure-Mediated Control of an Optomechanical Cavity
We describe and demonstrate a method to control a detuned movable-mirror
Fabry-Perot cavity using radiation pressure in the presence of a strong optical
spring. At frequencies below the optical spring resonance, self-locking of the
cavity is achieved intrinsically by the optomechanical (OM) interaction between
the cavity field and the movable end mirror. The OM interaction results in a
high rigidity and reduced susceptibility of the mirror to external forces.
However, due to a finite delay time in the cavity, this enhanced rigidity is
accompanied by an anti-damping force, which destabilizes the cavity. The cavity
is stabilized by applying external feedback in a frequency band around the
optical spring resonance. The error signal is sensed in the amplitude
quadrature of the transmitted beam with a photodetector. An amplitude modulator
in the input path to the cavity modulates the light intensity to provide the
stabilizing radiation pressure force
Quantum spin Hall phase in neutral zigzag graphene ribbons
We present a detailed description of the nature of the wavefunction and spin
distribution of the zero energy modes of zigzag graphene ribbons (ZGRs) in the
presence of the intrinsic spin_orbit (I-SO) interaction. These states
characterize the quantum spin Hall (QSH) phase in graphene ribbons. We provide
analytic expressions for wavefunctions and show how these evolve as the
strength of the interaction and the ribbon width are changed. For odd-width
ribbons, we show that its insulating nature precludes the existence of a QSH
phase. For these systems the I-SO interaction is predicted to have a stronger
effect as shown by the enhancement of the gap as the interaction strength is
turned on
CoAnnotating: Uncertainty-Guided Work Allocation between Human and Large Language Models for Data Annotation
Annotated data plays a critical role in Natural Language Processing (NLP) in
training models and evaluating their performance. Given recent developments in
Large Language Models (LLMs), models such as ChatGPT demonstrate zero-shot
capability on many text-annotation tasks, comparable with or even exceeding
human annotators. Such LLMs can serve as alternatives for manual annotation,
due to lower costs and higher scalability. However, limited work has leveraged
LLMs as complementary annotators, nor explored how annotation work is best
allocated among humans and LLMs to achieve both quality and cost objectives. We
propose CoAnnotating, a novel paradigm for Human-LLM co-annotation of
unstructured texts at scale. Under this framework, we utilize uncertainty to
estimate LLMs' annotation capability. Our empirical study shows CoAnnotating to
be an effective means to allocate work from results on different datasets, with
up to 21% performance improvement over random baseline. For code
implementation, see https://github.com/SALT-NLP/CoAnnotating
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Evaluation of permanent alopecia in pediatric medulloblastoma patients treated with proton radiation
Background: To precisely calculate skin dose and thus to evaluate the relationship between the skin dose and permanent alopecia for pediatric medulloblastoma patients treated with proton beams. Methods: The dosimetry and alopecia outcomes of 12 children with medulloblastoma (ages 4-15 years) comprise the study cohort. Permanent alopecia was assessed and graded after completion of the entire therapy. Skin threshold doses of permanent alopecia were calculated based on the skin dose from the craniospinal irradiation (CSI) plan using the concept of generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) and accounting for chemotherapy intensity. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to accurately assess uncertainties due to beam range prediction and secondary particles. Results: Increasing the dose of the CSI field or the dose given by the boost field to the posterior fossa increased total skin dose delivered in that region. It was found that permanent alopecia could be correlated with CSI dose with a threshold of about 21 Gy (relative biological effectiveness, RBE) with high dose chemotherapy and 30 Gy (RBE) with conventional chemotherapy. Conclusions: Our results based on 12 patients provide a relationship between the skin dose and permanent alopecia for pediatric medulloblastoma patients treated with protons. The alopecia risk as assessed with gEUD could be predicted based on the treatment plan information
The prevalence of ocular diseases in primary and junior high school students on Orchid Island
AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of refractive error and ocular diseases in primary and junior high school students on Orchid Island.Materials and MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study of all students in the primary and junior high schools on Orchid Island conducted within 1 week in 2008. Each student received a visual acuity examination without correction with the Landolt-C chart. An experienced ophthalmologist performed associated assessments through retinoscopy, slit lamp, and fundoscopy.ResultsOf the 403 student residents, 260 were primary school students (139 boys and 121 girls) and 143 were junior high school students (74 boys and 69 girls). Visual acuity in two eyes was < 0.1, in 14 eyes was between 0.1 and 0.3, in 34 eyes was between 0.4 and 0.7, in 225 eyes was between 0.8 and 1.0, and in 531 eyes was between 1.2 and 2.0. Myopia was found in 21 students (21/403, 5.21%; 9 primary school students and 12 junior high school students). Four students (4/403, 0.99%) had amblyopia, of whom two had anisometropia (unilateral high hyperopia), one had high astigmatism in both eyes, and the other had unilateral esotropia. Lens dislocation was found in one student (0.25%) with Marfan syndrome. Retinal vasculitis and optic atrophy were found in one student (0.25%) with systemic lupus erythematosus.ConclusionBecause it is a small, isolated island, Orchid Island still has a unique traditional culture and life style. Therefore the prevalence of myopia in primary school and junior high school students on Orchid Island is low, and 94% of all the students had uncorrected visual acuity above 0.8
Post-heat treatment of electrochemically carburized low-carbon steel
Limited studies are available on post-heat treatment (tempering/annealing) of electroÂchemically carburized low-carbon steel, which can relieve internal stresses induced by the quenching process. In this study, the electrochemical carburization was carried out using the electrolyte mixture of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl) under a CO2 gas environment and 800 °C. The samples were then quenched in either water or oil. The peak hardness of the water-quenched sample (WQ) was higher than the oil-quenched sample (OQ). Comparatively, post-heat treated (tempered and annealed) samples showed lower peak hardness compared to quenched samples. An optical microscope was used to observe microstructural changes, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine metal phases within all samples. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the martensite peak supported the stress relief in both tempered and annealed samples. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was applied to determine the elemental composition of as received and electrochemically carburized and quenched low-carbon steel samples. The carbon content of the WQ sample was relatively higher than the OQ sample, whereas the tempered samples showed higher carbon content compared to the annealed samples, but both were lower than for quenched samples. Electrochemical carburization increased the carbon content and improved the hardness, while the tempering or annealing process relieved internal stresses that resulted in the hardness reduction
Do novel genotypes drive the success of an invasive bark beetle–fungus complex? Implications for potential reinvasion
Novel genotypes often arise during biological invasions, but their role in invasion
success has rarely been elucidated. Here we examined the population genetics and behavior of
the fungus, Leptographium procerum, vectored by a highly invasive bark beetle, Dendroctonus
valens, to determine whether genetic changes in the fungus contributed to the invasive success of
the beetle–fungal complex in China. The fungus was introduced by the beetle from the United
States to China, where we identified several novel genotypes using microsatellite markers. These
novel genotypes were more pathogenic to Chinese host seedlings than were other genotypes and
they also induced the release of higher amounts of 3-carene, the primary host attractant for the
beetle vector, from inoculated seedlings. This evidence suggests a possible mechanism, based on
the evolution of a novel genotype during the two or three decades since its introduction, for the
success of the beetle–fungal complex in its introduced region.This work was funded by the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (30921063), the CAS Knowledge
Innovation Key Research Program (KSCX2-EW-J-2), TPCP
(Tree Protection Co-operation Programme), and a grant from
the USDA Forest Service, Western Wildlands Environmental
Threats Assessment Center (Prineville, Oregon, USA).http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol
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