Anemia in athletes

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of anemia in athletes

Blood doping

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of blood doping

Saddle sores in the cyclist

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of saddle sores in cyclists

Vulvar swelling and bicyclist's vulva

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of vulvar swelling and bicyclist's vulva

Iliotibial band syndrome in the cyclist

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of iliotibial band syndrome in cyclists

Ulnar nerve and median nerve neuropathy in the cyclist

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of ulnar nerve and median nerve neuropathy in cyclists

Erectile dysfunction (impotence) in the cyclist

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of erectile dysfunction in cyclists

Knee pain in the cyclist

This issue of eMedRef provides information to clinicians on the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of knee pain in cyclists

A general method to quantify ligand-driven oligomerization from fluorescence-based images

Here, we introduce fluorescence intensity fluctuation spectrometry for determining the identity, abundance and stability of protein oligomers. This approach was tested on monomers and oligomers of known sizes and was used to uncover the oligomeric states of the epidermal growth factor receptor and the secretin receptor in the presence and absence of their agonist ligands. This method is fast and is scalable for high-throughput screening of drugs targeting protein–protein interactions

Satellite-Detected Fluorescence Reveals Global Physiology of Ocean Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton photosynthesis links global ocean biology and climate-driven fluctuations in the physical environment. These interactions are largely expressed through changes in phytoplankton physiology, but physiological status has proven extremely challenging to characterize globally. Phytoplankton fluorescence does provide a rich source of physiological information long exploited in laboratory and field studies, and is now observed from space. Here we evaluate the physiological underpinnings of global variations in satellite-based phytoplankton chlorophyll fluorescence. The three dominant factors influencing fluorescence distributions are chlorophyll concentration, pigment packaging effects on light absorption, and light-dependent energy-quenching processes. After accounting for these three factors, resultant global distributions of quenching-corrected fluorescence quantum yields reveal a striking consistency with anticipated patterns of iron availability. High fluorescence quantum yields are typically found in low iron waters, while low quantum yields dominate regions where other environmental factors are most limiting to phytoplankton growth. Specific properties of photosynthetic membranes are discussed that provide a mechanistic view linking iron stress to satellite-detected fluorescence. Our results present satellite-based fluorescence as a valuable tool for evaluating nutrient stress predictions in ocean ecosystem models and give the first synoptic observational evidence that iron plays an important role in seasonal phytoplankton dynamics of the Indian Ocean. Satellite fluorescence may also provide a path for monitoring climate-phytoplankton physiology interactions and improving descriptions of phytoplankton light use efficiencies in ocean productivity models