No one noticed, no one heard: a study of disclosures of childhood abuse

ReportThis report describes the childhood experiences of abuse of 60 young men and women and how they disclosed this abuse and sought help. These young people experienced high levels and different kinds of violence, including sexual abuse and family violence. It is often asserted that young people who experience abuse do not talk about it. The face to face interviews for this study show that a majority of young people did attempt to disclose their abuse to at least one person although this information was not identified in the surveys for this study. Eighty per cent – 48 of the 60 young people we spoke to – attempted to disclose the abuse before they were 18 years old. Some of these disclosures led to protective action and some did not. Research has suggested that sexual abuse is unlikely to be disclosed – and yet 38 of the 44 young people (86 per cent) who suffered from sexual abuse did disclose during childhood; 66 per cent attempted to disclose when the abuse was happening. However, just like many high profile cases, not all of these disclosures were “heard” or acted upon. Young people generally made more than one disclosure. Of the 203 disclosures in childhood that were made, 117 disclosures (58 per cent) were acted upon by recipients. Suffering from abuse is a distressing experience. It should be no surprise that disclosures that were ignored, denied or badly handled added to the negative experiences of the young people in this study. Policy-makers and people working with children should use the evidence in this report to support better identification of abuse by adults, reduce the barriers to disclosure and to improve the experience of disclosure for young people. Practitioners should particularly consider how they can change their practice to ensure that the experiences of the young people in this report are not repeate

SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RANAVIRUSES:: A NORTH AMERICAN HERPETOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Ranaviruses are large double stranded DNA viruses of poikilothermic vertebrates including amphibians, reptiles and fish. In North America, ranaviral disease and ranavirus-related die-off events have been documented in all three classes. Ranaviruses are found worldwide, appear to be emerging in some regions, and are increasingly recognized as a threat to many species

Notes and Letters

A Comment on 1904: Tolkien, Trauma, and its Anniversaries . A letter responding to Nancy Bunting’s provocative article on Tolkien’s traumatic family history in Mythlore #127. By John Rosegrant. Jean Louise to the Dark Tower Came. Explicates a pattern of references to Browning’s “Childe Roland” in Harper Lee’s recently published Go Set a Watchman. By Debra Polesiak. American Survivor: William Faulkner\u27s A Fable. Draws our attention to American World War I veteran William Faulkner’s A Fable as an example of the fantastic in response to the war’s trauma. By Ryder W. Miller

Whole Body Fuel Use: A Preliminary Study of Carbohydrate and Fat Oxidation During Water Exercise

The purpose of this investigation was to measure energy expenditure and whole body carbohydrate and fat oxidation during shallow water exercise (SWE; submerged to axillary level). The level of energy expenditure and the relative contribution of fuels (e.g., carbohydrate [CHO], fat) depends on the intensity of exercise effort. This descriptive study addressed two questions: (1) what is the energy expenditure of performing SWE over a range of intensities; and (2) how does the rate of CHO and fat usage change with increasingly more demanding SWE efforts. Five healthy females (ages 18 to 26 years) performed five submaximal and one maximal SWE bout based on perceived effort (Borg Scale). Indirect calorimetry (Parvo-Medic metabolic analyzer) was employed to assess metabolic response while heart rate (HR) was monitored via telemetry (Polar technology). For perception of efforts ranging from very light (~50 percent HR peak) to very hard (~88 percent HR peak), the rate of energy expenditure ranged from 3.5+0.7 to 10.5+1.3 kilocalories per minute (Kcal.min-1), while the maximal SWE effort elicited a metabolic response of 13.2+1.7 Kcal.min-1 (~ 10 X resting metabolic rate). From very light to very hard, the rate of CHO oxidation increased from 2.0+1.0 to 9.4+1.8 Kcal.min-1 (~370 percent increase), while fat oxidation remained variable among the SWE efforts. In conclusion, carbohydrate oxidation plays an increasingly more important role as a fuel source during SWE efforts that require a high rate of energy expenditure. Furthermore, this study provides insight into the energy requirements of SWE, a mode of exercise that is becoming more popular

Mediating Social Anxiety and Disordered Eating: The Role of Expressive Suppression

Social anxiety and disordered eating frequently overlap, and evidence suggests that emotional suppression may be an important mediating factor. The present study examines the relationships among social anxiety, emotional suppression, and disordered eating in a nonclinical sample of 160 undergraduate women. Participants completed self-report measures for social anxiety, disordered eating, expressive suppression, depression, and negative affect. Results from mediation analyses indicate that the relationship between social anxiety and disordered eating is fully mediated by expressive suppression. Findings are consistent with a displacement theory in which unexpressed negative affect is shifted toward the body, thereby promoting symptoms of disordered eating

Frequency and Use of Medications in Horses Racing at Prairie Meadows

An analysis was made of the horses racing at Prairie Meadows race track in Altoona, Iowa during 1993 to determine the number of entries designated as racing under the influence of phenylbutazone (Bute(RX)), furosemide (Lasix(Rx)) or both medications. In a total of 1379 Quarter Horse entries, 5.7 % raced with no medication, 74.9 % raced on phenylbutazone, 0.5 % raced on furosemide, and 18.9 % raced on both phenylbutazone and furosemide. In a total of 3424 Thoroughbred entries, 2.1 % raced under no medication, 43.6 % raced on phenylbutazone, 0.4 % raced on furosemide, and 53.9 % raced on both phenylbutazone and furosemide. Overall, of the 4803 entries, 3.2 % raced with no medication, 52.6 % raced on phenylbutazone, 0.4 % raced on furosemide, and 43.9 % raced on both phenylbutazone and furosemide

Disease monitoring and biosecurity

Understanding and detecting diseases of amphibians has become vitally important in conservation and ecological studies in the twenty-fi rst century. Disease is defi ned as the deviance from normal conditions in an organism. The etiologies (causes) of disease include infectious, toxic, traumatic, metabolic, and neoplastic agents. Thus, monitoring disease in nature can be complex. For amphibians, infectious, parasitic, and toxic etiologies have gained the most notoriety. Amphibian diseases have been linked to declining amphibian populations, are a constant threat to endangered species, and are frequently a hazard in captive breeding programs, translocations, and repatriations. For example, a group of viruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus and the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis are amphibian pathogens that are globally distributed and responsible for catastrophic population die-offs, with B. dendrobatidis causing known species extinctions (Daszak et al. 1999; Lips et al. 2006; Skerratt et al. 2007). Some infectious diseases of amphibians share similar pathological changes; thus, their detection, recognition, and correct diagnosis can be a challenge even by trained veterinary pathologists or experienced herpetologists. This chapter will introduce readers to the most common amphibian diseases with an emphasis on those that are potentially or frequently lethal, and the techniques involved in disease monitoring. It will also outline methods of biosecurity to reduce the transmission of disease agents by humans. We start by covering infectious, parasitic, and toxic diseases. Next, surveillance methods are discussed, including methods for sample collection and techniques used in disease diagnosis. Finally, biosecurity issues for preventing disease transmission will be covered, and we provide protocols for disinfecting fi eld equipment and footwear

The Effect of Furosemide on Arterial Blood Gases and Performance in Quarter Horses Performing a Fatigue Test on a Treadmill

Four Quarter Horses (1 filly age 2, 1 mare age 5 and 2 geldings ages 3 and 4; average weight 539 kg) were used in a 2 x 2 crossover design. The effects of furosemide (Lasix(Rx)) on arterial blood packed ceii voiume (PCV), hemogiobin (Hb), pH, pO2, pCO2, HCO-3 and base excess (BE) were measured. Plasma lactate, heart rate, and fatigue time were determined as indicators of perlormance while the horses performed a fatigue test on a high-speed treadmill. The left carotid artery was surgically elevated subcutaneously to facilitate collection of arterial blood samples. Horses were conditioned for 13 weeks with increasing intensity then randomly assigned furosemide (F) or physiological saline (C) as treatments. Treatments were administered 4 hours prior to the fatigue test in accordance with racing regulations. Arterial blood samples were collected prior to treatment dose, prior to exercise, at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th minute during the fatigue test, at fatigue, and at the 5th, 15th, 30th, and 45th minute post-exercise. Arterial blood samples were analyzed for blood gases, Hb, PCV, and plasma lactate. Heart rate and fatigue time were recorded. No difference between treatments (P \u3e 0.05) was observed for blood gases except for pCO2 at rest, and HCO-3 and BE at the 2 minute collection period. No difference between treatments (P \u3e 0.05) was observed for Hb, PCV, lactate and heart rate except at 15 minutes post-exercise for Hb and PCV, and 45 minutes postexercise for Hb. Fatigue times were 11 min 56 sec ± 5 min 30 sec for F horses and 11 min 35 sec--± 2 min 6 sec for C horses. No difference (P \u3e 0.05) was observed in fatigue time. Based on our data, the trend indicated that all parameters measured returned to pre-exercise levels more rapidly for furosemide treated horses. However, furosemide did not enhance performance

Psychosocial concerns and needs of cancer survivors treated at a comprehensive cancer center and a community safety net hospital

The number of cancer survivors in the United States is expected to grow to 18 million by 2020 because of improved cancer treatment outcomes and the aging of the population.[1] Many cancer survivors are at increased risk for cancer recurrence and other adverse long-term physical and psychosocial conditions.[2-5] Disparities in survival are associated with inadequate or no health insurance coverage because individuals are more likely to be diagnosed with cancer at later stages,[6] and higher incidence for some cancers among African Americans.[7] Few studies have examined psychosocial health disparities during cancer survivorship,[8-13] and little is known about how psychosocial factors subsequent to diagnosis affect survival and long-term outcomes. [4,14] While clinical care relevant to survivorship outcomes is advancing, [15, 16] optimal practices for preparing survivors for treatment and transitioning off treatment have yet to be defined. [11, 15, 17] Furthermore, guidance is needed for serving minority and underserved survivor populations where health disparities exist.[7] More data are needed about incidence of adverse outcomes and their determinants, overall and in disparity populations to inform development of best practices for preventive interventions. The purpose of this study was to identify similarities and differences among two groups of survivors in (1) sources of information at time of cancer diagnosis, (2) sources of support used during and after treatment, (3) stressors and challenges during and after treatment, and (4) coping strategies[18] used during and following cancer treatment. These factors might be associated with health services use,[19] and with survivorship disparities.[20] One group was treated at Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center, and the other at Meharry Medical College (MMC), its partner medical setting that serves patients who are mostly publicly-insured and uninsured. Secondary analysis of data from focus group participants was undertaken to address the four study topics and to guide future development of interventions tailored to preferences and needs of diverse survivors

Cardiorespiratory Responses to High Intensity Interval Shallow Water Exercise

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cardiorespiratory responses to shallow water, high intensity interval exercise (SW-HIIE). Interestingly, no studies have investigated the physiological responses of performing HIIE in a water medium. Thus, the main question of this investigation was the following: What is the physiological load imposed on the human body during an acute SW-HIIE session? Physically active females, n=9 and 26+6 yrs, volunteered for this descriptive study. Volunteers performed a familiarization trial, an incremental maximal shallow water exercise test, and a SW-HIIE session. Participants were submerged to ~75 percent of stature (axillary level). SW-HIIE consisted of 4 X 4 minute segments with one minute recovery in between each segment. Each segment consisted of 8 X 20 seconds of maximal physical effort with 10 seconds of rest between each effort. Indirect calorimetry (Parvo-Medic metabolic analyzer) was employed to assess metabolic response and heart rate was monitored via telemetry (Polar technology). SW-HIIE elicited an overall oxygen uptake response of 2.0+0.2 lO2.min-1 (73+5% of peak aerobic capacity), nearly eight times above resting metabolic rate, while overall heart rate (HR) response was 156+8 bpm (86+2% HR peak). In conclusion, the SW-HIIE session elicited cardiorespiratory responses that would be classified as vigorous on the intensity scale according to the American College of Sports Medicine’s guidelines for exercise prescription, suggesting that an acute bout of SW-HIIE imposes a great physiological load on the human body