The impact on the family of a child's feeding and swallowing problems: Associations with parental stress, and children's daily functional activities

Introduction: Eating and drinking are essential components of everyday life. Adequate nutrition and hydration need to be maintained for growth and development. Many social gatherings/events revolve around eating and drinking. When something goes wrong with any part of eating or drinking it is called dysphagia. Children right through to adults and the elderly can have problems with eating and drinking. Problems eating or drinking in children could impact the family and create more stress for parents.Methods: Data from three scales including the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, The Functional Status II(R) and the Pediatric Feeding and Swallowing Family Impact Scale-Revised were provided and analyzed. Data were analyzed using a Pearson product-moment correlation. Demographic information was provided as well. Student's t-tests were done on groups of participants to assess if there was a difference in means. Spearman rank correlations were done to determine relationships between ranked groups, such as income bracket, and each of the scales. Pearson product-moment correlations were done on continuous groups and the three scales to determine relationships.Results: A significant correlation of was found between the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form and the Pediatric Feeding and Swallowing Impact Scale-Revised. An inverse significant correlation was found between the Pediatric Feeding and Swallowing Family Impact Scale-Revised and the Functional Status II(R). Results revealed a significant inverse relationship between the Parenting Stress Index Short Form and the Functional Status II(R). A difference in reported scores was found on the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form of children with feeding tubes and children without feeding tubes. Scores from parents of children with feeding tubes on the Pediatric Feeding and Swallowing Disorders Family Impact Scale-Revised differed versus those without a feeding tube

Tunisian Cinema after the Arab Spring: Portrait of a Nation in Transition

In the closing scene of The Last of Us (2016), we see the torso of a young black man who stands naked before a clearing in the forest. As he gazes out at a cascade of water tumbling down to a rocky pool below, the young man's image gradually fades away, absorbed into the landscape. Nothing about this scene, from the blackness of the protagonist to the coniferous forest, has any clear reference point in Tunisian national cinema. Indeed, director Ala Eddine Slim has expressed distaste for being classified as a regional filmmaker, preferring that his work be seen as international, transcending borders. And yet, to the familiar eye, this film belongs unmistakably to Tunisia's postrevolutionary political transition, a time fraught with unpredictable shifts in national identity and the contours of the state. Slim is part of a new generation of Tunisian filmmakers who have won critical acclaim on the international festival circuit since the 2011 revolution. More than a burst of creative energy released by the demise of autocratic rule, their experimental aesthetic emerges, in part, from struggles within Tunisian filmmaking establishment that have shaped the conditions of production under political transition. In this essay, I track the intergenerational conflicts that have prompted to the recent extroversion of young Tunisian filmmakers, who have set their sights beyond the nation for funding and recognition

Some Portion of Misconduct : The Argument for a Negligence Standard for Expecting Discharge of Debts Incurred Through Defalcation

The United States Circuit Courts are currently split on the correct standard for defalcation: that is, they are split on what level of mental culpability a fiduciary must possess before bankruptcy courts exclude debts incurred through misconduct from discharge. The First, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Circuits apply a recklessness standard. The Fourth, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits apply a negligence standard. The time has come to resolve the circuit split because the inter-jurisdictional nature of business in the twenty-first century creates a danger that fiduciaries will not have notice of potential liability if standards for liability vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Based on original intent and current policy interests, the correct resolution of the circuit split is for all of the circuits to apply anegligence standard

Mechanisms of Attachment of Tobacco-Treated Streptococcus mutans to Human Endothelial Cells

poster abstractSmoking has been proven to cause increased dental caries, which is an infectious disease caused by Streptococcus mutans, a gram-positive bacteria commonly found in the oral cavity. S. mutans is also known for its contribution to atherosclerosis, specifically the accumulation of plaque in the coronary arteries. This is facilitated by the interaction and binding of S. mutans to local endothelial cells (HUVEC). This study was conducted to explore the direct effects that tobacco has on the ability of S. mutans to affect endothelial cells that might lead to atherosclerosis. S. mutans were treated with different concentrations of nicotine and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) to test if they affect the binding capabilities of S. mutans to endothelial cells. Blocking reagents, enolase antibody and purified DnaK, were also used to treat the HUVEC to observe the effects these reagents have on the ability of S. mutans to bind to the cells. Binding was measured by preforming a binding assay that incorporated these reagents and reading the absorbance using a spectrophotometer at 450 nm. To do this, sonicated HUVEC were added to a 96-well microtiter plate with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), followed by treated S. mutans, extra-avidin labeled horseradish peroxidase, and O-phenylenediamine (OPD). The experiment is still in progress; therefore, no results have been obtained thus far. However, it is expected that the nicotine/CSC treatment of S. mutans will increase binding to the endothelial cells thereby providing a possible mechanism of S. mutans contributing to atherosclerosis. The knowledge obtained from this experiment will be significant in developing treatment modalities to decrease the effects of smoking on cardiovascular disease