Conflitos fundiários urbanos e Poder Judiciário : decisões jurisdicionais na produção da segregação socioespacial

Orientador : Prof. Dr. José Antônio Peres GedielTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito. Defesa: Curitiba, 12/08/2016Inclui referências : f. 221-235Área de concentração : Direito do EstadoResumo: A segregação socioespacial é a chave analítica para compreensão das relações nas cidades brasileiras. Este fenômeno se constrói sob a influência de variáveis econômicas, políticas, sociais e também jurídicas. Direito e espacialidade encontram-se sob filtros de seletividade que se manifestam nos interditos e permissões que conformam as relações entre sujeitos e espaços urbanos. Esses encontros são marcados pelo caráter proprietário inscrito na legislação civil, na regulação urbanística e também no controle urbano punitivista. Da tensão dialética entre a negação ao direito à cidade e as experiências socioespaciais de resistência emergem os conflitos urbanos e, particularmente, os conflitos fundiários urbanos. A disputa pelo acesso à terra pela moradia é geradora de enfrentamentos entre interesses de proprietários e não proprietários, os quais frequentemente são traduzidos à esfera institucional para intervenção jurisdicional. Sob tal premissa, a hipótese da tese consiste na afirmação de que o Poder Judiciário participa ativamente na (re)produção da segregação socioespacial urbana. Realizou-se pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa com a análise das decisões sobre conflitos fundiários urbanos coletivos, proferidas em Tribunais de Justiça das cinco regiões brasileiras, no período entre 2014 e 2015. Incorporou-se, ainda, o acervo jurisprudencial dos Tribunais Superiores sobre a temática, produzido no período entre 2002 a 2015. As fontes analisadas permitem concluir que a participação do Poder Judiciário ocorre por meio de um comportamento típico identificado nos discursos das decisões, que se manifesta na construção da figura do "invasor" como elemento decisivo na resolução jurisdicional da disputa. A partir da identificação deste personagem urbano nas decisões, a atuação jurisdicional opera de maneira seletiva, com a suspensão de garantias processuais, a massiva concessão de liminares e a indicação do despejo forçado como único desfecho possível. Palavras-chave: Poder Judiciário; Conflitos fundiários; Segregação socioespacial.Abstract: The social-spatial segregation is the analytical key to understand the relationships in brazilian cities. This phenomenon is built under the influence of economic, political, social and also legal variables. Law and spactiality are under selectivity filtres that are manifested on interdictions and permitions that sets the relationships between individuals and urban spaces. These encounters are marked by the proprietary character registered on the civil legislation, on the urban regulation and also on the punitive urban control. It is from the dialectical tension between the denial of the right to the city and the social-spatial experiences of resistance that the urban conflicts emerge, specially, the land rights urban conflicts. The dispute for access to land through housing engenders confrontations between interests of owners and not owners, which are usually translated to the institutional domain for court intervention. Under that premise, this thesis' hypothesis consists on the statement that the Legal Power activally participates on the production of the social-spatial urban segregation. A quantitative and qualitative research was conducted with the analysis of the decisions about the collective urban rights conflicts, delivered by the Court of Justice of the five brazilian regions, on the period of time between 2014 and 2015. It was also added the case-law of the Superior Courts about the theme, produced on the period of time from 2002 to 2015. The analysed sources lead to the conclusion that the participation of the Judiciary occurs as a typical behavior identified on the speech of the decisions, that is expressed on the built of the figure of the "invasor" as a decisive element on the legal resolution of the dispute. Based on the identification of this urban character on the decisions, the legal action operates selectively, with the suspension of procedural guarantees, the massive granting of preliminary verdicts and the indication of forced eviction as the only possible outcome. Key-words: Law Power; Land rights conflicts; Social-spatial segregation

Direitos étnico - territoriais das comunidades remanescentes de quilombos

Esse trabalho tem por escopo a análise do processo reconhecimento dos direitos étnico-territoriais das comunidades remanescentes de quilombos e sua forma de articulação com os elementos do direito vigente. A colisão freqüente entre as demandas dos Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais e o tratamento jurídico dispensado a estes sujeitos,fez com que a trajetória monográfica se iniciasse pela retomada de alguns fatos históricos relevantes para a compreensão da formação jurídica moderna e da transposição destes à dinâmica estatal luso-brasileira: a estrutura político-administrativa; o pilar escravista; a falta de projeto político definido nas expansões ultramarinas do Império Português; fazem-nos contextualizar o processo de exclusão histórica de alguns setores de sociedade,que há algum tempo mobilizam-se em busca de visibilidade e garantia de direitos. É o caso dos Povos e Comunidades Tradicionais que na peculiaridade de seus modos de ser,viver e fazer,contribuem para a revisita crítica da estrutura jurídica tradicional e apresentam formas coletivas de subjetividade,identidade e exercício de direitos que impõem um desafio à ciência jurídica moderna,pautada sob premissas individual-patrimonialistas. É com a Carta Magna de 1988,que se cristalizam pioneiramente os primeiro marcos jurídicos da multicultural idade e da plurietnicidade, iniciando-se uma onda constitucional de reconhecimento da diversidade em vários países da América Latina. O reconhecimento dos direitos étnico-territoriais das comunidades quilombolas,também encontra na Carta Constitucional sua grande guarida legal,já que pela redação do artigo 68 do ADCT confere-se aos remanescentes de comunidades de quilombos a propriedade definitiva da terra que estejam ocupando,sendo dever do Estado a emissão dos respectivos títulos A partir daí, decorrem uma série de questionamentos jurídicos sobre a aplicação da norma constitucional,muitos dos quais não poderão ser resolvidos sem o auxílio de outras áreas do conhecimento,como a antropologia e a história

Territórios, cultura e propriedade privada

Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar os avanços e entraves para efetivação dos direitos territoriais quilombolas no Brasil. Para tanto, inicia-se o estudo com a investigação destes agrupamentos junto ao processo de formação social brasileiro, com vistas à desconstrução da noção idealizada de “quilombo” e seu redimensionamento na dialética dos conflitos reais subjacentes a estas experiências históricas e resistência. Itinerários de escravidão e liberdade protagonizados por estes sujeitos que, mesmo após a liberação oficial da mão de obra escrava, mantiveram-se na condição de invisibilidade aos olhos do Estado brasileiro. Terra e escravidão apresentam-se como duas vias desta mesma trajetória, em que a realização de um processo de cidadania inacabado e excludente combina-se com a inauguração da propriedade rivada na terra no Brasil e o consequente impedimento do acesso formal destas coletividades ao território onde vivem. Invisibilidade parcialmente interrompida somente com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, que representa um marco jurídico relevante, na medida em que reconheceu aos remanescentes de comunidades de quilombos a propriedade definitiva das terras que estejam ocupando. Inaugura-se, a partir daí, um campo de disputas políticas para atribuição de significado ao texto c nstitucional, pautado no antagonismo entre a garantia territorial destas coletividades e os esforços para manutenção e salvaguarda dos interesses proprietários. Um embate que se localiza no esforço de concretização destes direitos territoriais coletivos diante das cercas jurídicas edificadas sobre o individualismo proprietário que caracteriza a modernidade jurídica e que se desdobra no equacionamento entre territórios, cultura e propriedade privada

Transcriptional analysis of ESAT-6 cluster 3 in Mycobacterium smegmatis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The ESAT-6 (early secreted antigenic target, 6 kDa) family collects small mycobacterial proteins secreted by <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</it>, particularly in the early phase of growth. There are 23 ESAT-6 family members in <it>M. tuberculosis </it>H37Rv. In a previous work, we identified the Zur- dependent regulation of five proteins of the ESAT-6/CFP-10 family (<it>esxG</it>, <it>esxH</it>, <it>esxQ</it>, <it>esxR</it>, and <it>esxS</it>). <it>esxG </it>and <it>esxH </it>are part of ESAT-6 cluster 3, whose expression was already known to be induced by iron starvation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this research, we performed EMSA experiments and transcriptional analysis of ESAT-6 cluster 3 in <it>Mycobacterium smegmatis </it>(<it>msmeg0615</it>-<it>msmeg0625</it>) and <it>M. tuberculosis</it>. In contrast to what we had observed in <it>M. tuberculosis</it>, we found that in <it>M. smegmatis </it>ESAT-6 cluster 3 responds only to iron and not to zinc. In both organisms we identified an internal promoter, a finding which suggests the presence of two transcriptional units and, by consequence, a differential expression of cluster 3 genes. We compared the expression of <it>msmeg0615 </it>and <it>msmeg0620 </it>in different growth and stress conditions by means of relative quantitative PCR. The expression of <it>msmeg0615 </it>and <it>msmeg0620 </it>genes was essentially similar; they appeared to be repressed in most of the tested conditions, with the exception of acid stress (pH 4.2) where <it>msmeg0615 </it>was about 4-fold induced, while <it>msmeg0620 </it>was repressed. Analysis revealed that in acid stress conditions <it>M. tuberculosis rv0282 </it>gene was 3-fold induced too, while <it>rv0287 </it>induction was almost insignificant.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In contrast with what has been reported for <it>M. tuberculosis</it>, our results suggest that in <it>M. smegmatis </it>only IdeR-dependent regulation is retained, while zinc has no effect on gene expression. The role of cluster 3 in <it>M. tuberculosis </it>virulence is still to be defined; however, iron- and zinc-dependent expression strongly suggests that cluster 3 is highly expressed in the infective process, and that the cluster contributes to the antigenic profile during the course of infection. Moreover, cluster 3 induction in acid stress conditions strengthens the hypothesis that cluster 3 is expressed in the course of infection.</p> <p>In <it>M. smegmatis</it>, the expression of <it>msmeg0615 </it>and <it>msmeg0620 </it>genes is broadly similar in differing growth phases and in stress conditions, with the exception of acid stress (pH 4.2). Differences in expression between cluster 3 genes can be explained by the presence of internal promoters, both in <it>M. smegmatis </it>and <it>M. tuberculosis</it>.</p

RNA Interference in Mammalia Cells by RNA-3’-PNA Chimeras

The discovery of siRNAs as the mediators of RNA interference has led to an increasing interest in their therapeutic applications. Chemical modifications are introduced into siRNAs to optimize the potency, the stability and the pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. Here, we synthesize and test the effects of RNA-3’-PNA chimeras on siRNA functioning and stability. We demonstrate that the chemical modifications are compatible with the siRNA machinery, because all the PNA-modified siRNAs can efficiently mediate specific gene silencing in mammalian cells. Furthermore, we find that the modification on the sense strand of siRNA results in an increased persistence of the activity, whereas modification on both strands results in enhanced nuclease resistance in serum

SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus coinfections in the Tuscan population during the 2021/2022 influenza season

The 2021/2022 influenza season was not characterised by a well-defined incidence peak. As reported by the Italian National Institute of Health, a high value of incidence of influenza cases was recorded in week 13, but it was still lower than in other influenza seasons. This abnormal circulation was probably due to relaxation of the COVID-19 pandemic restriction measures, which greatly reduced the circulation of respiratory-transmitted viruses, including human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). The symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza are quite similar, sharing the human-to-human transmission route via respiratory droplets. The aim of this study was to estimate the rate of coinfection with influenza viruses and/or HRSV in SARS-CoV-2-positive subjects (N=940) in a population of central Italy during the 2021/2022 season. A total of 54 cases of coinfection were detected during the study period, 51 cases (5.4%) of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus and three cases (0.3%) of SARS-CoV-2 and HRSV coinfection. These results highlight the importance of continuous monitoring of the circulation of influenza virus and other respiratory viruses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Surveillance of Influenza and Other Airborne Transmission Viruses during the 2021/2022 Season in Hospitalized Subjects in Tuscany, Italy

Winter in the northern hemisphere is characterized by the circulation of influenza viruses, which cause seasonal epidemics, generally from October to April. Each influenza season has its own pattern, which differs from one year to the next in terms of the first influenza case notification, the period of highest incidence, and the predominant influenza virus subtypes. After the total absence of influenza viruses in the 2020/2021 season, cases of influenza were again recorded in the 2021/2022 season, although they remained below the seasonal average. Moreover, the co-circulation of the influenza virus and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic virus was also reported. In the context of the DRIVE study, oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 129 Tuscan adults hospitalized for severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) and analyzed by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for SARS-CoV-2 and 21 different airborne pathogens, including influenza viruses. In total, 55 subjects tested positive for COVID-19, 9 tested positive for influenza, and 3 tested positive for both SARS-CoV-2 and the A/H3N2 influenza virus. The co-circulation of different viruses in the population requires strengthened surveillance that is no longer restricted to the winter months. Indeed, constant, year-long monitoring of the trends of these viruses is needed, especially in at-risk groups and elderly people

Assessment of three Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division drug efflux transporters of Burkholderia cenocepacia in intrinsic antibiotic resistance

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Burkholderia cenocepacia </it>are opportunistic Gram-negative bacteria that can cause chronic pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. These bacteria demonstrate a high-level of intrinsic antibiotic resistance to most clinically useful antibiotics complicating treatment. We previously identified 14 genes encoding putative Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division (RND) efflux pumps in the genome of <it>B. cenocepacia </it>J2315, but the contribution of these pumps to the intrinsic drug resistance of this bacterium remains unclear.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To investigate the contribution of efflux pumps to intrinsic drug resistance of <it>B. cenocepacia </it>J2315, we deleted 3 operons encoding the putative RND transporters RND-1, RND-3, and RND-4 containing the genes <it>BCAS0591</it>-<it>BCAS0593</it>, <it>BCAL1674</it>-<it>BCAL1676</it>, and <it>BCAL2822</it>-<it>BCAL2820</it>. Each deletion included the genes encoding the RND transporter itself and those encoding predicted periplasmic proteins and outer membrane pores. In addition, the deletion of <it>rnd-3 </it>also included <it>BCAL1672</it>, encoding a putative TetR regulator. The <it>B. cenocepacia rnd-3 </it>and <it>rnd-4 </it>mutants demonstrated increased sensitivity to inhibitory compounds, suggesting an involvement of these proteins in drug resistance. Moreover, the <it>rnd-3 </it>and <it>rnd-4 </it>mutants demonstrated reduced accumulation of N-acyl homoserine lactones in the growth medium. In contrast, deletion of the <it>rnd-1 </it>operon had no detectable phenotypes under the conditions assayed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Two of the three inactivated RND efflux pumps in <it>B. cenocepacia </it>J2315 contribute to the high level of intrinsic resistance of this strain to some antibiotics and other inhibitory compounds. Furthermore, these efflux systems also mediate accumulation in the growth medium of quorum sensing molecules that have been shown to contribute to infection. A systematic study of RND efflux systems in <it>B. cenocepacia </it>is required to provide a full picture of intrinsic antibiotic resistance in this opportunistic bacterium.</p