DISORDERS OF THE SOUND ARTICULATION IN PRETERM CHILDREN

Speech and language development is a good indicator of child’s cognitive development. The risk factors influencing development and functioning of prematurely born children are multiple. In addition to articulation disorder, there are motoric, conginitive and social aspects of delayed development. Premature babies are born before they physically ready to leave the womb. However, most babies born after about 26 weeks of gestational age have chances for survival, but they are at a greater risk of medical complications, since the earlier children are born, the less developed their organs are. Aim: To demonstrate basic parameters, establish differences, determine characteristics of disorder of sound articulation in fullterm and preterm children. Methodology: Research was conducted at the Clinics of Child’s Habilitation and Rehabilitation in Novi Sad. The prospective research study was carried out comprising 61 children with mean age of 4 years. The study inclusion criteria were gestational age and birth weight. Regarding these parameters, the children without major neurlologic or system disabilities were included, and they were Serbian speaking. The sample comprised 31 children with GS≥38 weeks and body weight of ≥3000 g, while the preterm group comprised 30 children with GS≤32 weeks and body weight of ≤1500 g. Results of the study indicate to a difference between fullterm children and preterm children with regard to articulation disorders, of which the statistically significant was a sound distortion. The overall sample showed that the substitution with distortion was most frequent disorder, while the interdental sigmatism was the most represented one. Conclusion: The obtained results lead to conclusion that preterm children, being a high-risk group, need to be followed up by age two, and provided timely proffesional help at pre-school age, since numerous adverse factors affect their overall development

Association between phthalic acid esters and polycystic ovarian syndrome

Uvod: Ftalati su vrsta endokrinih disruptora koji se široko koriste kao plastifikatori i rastvarači ali i kao aditivi brojim proizvodima koji se svakodnevno koriste. Prema dosadašnjim studijama na eksperimentalnim životinjama, ali i u humanoj populaciji, diestri ftalne kiseline utiču na reproduktivni sistem, učestvuju u nastanku insulinske rezistencije i gojaznosti. Sindrom policističnih ovarijuma (PCOS) je najčešći endokrinološki poremećaj reproduktivnog sistema žena u generativnom periodu. Insulinska rezistencija i centralna gojaznost, kao faktori kardiometaboličkog sindroma imaju značajnu ulogu u etiologiji PCOS. Ciljevi: Utvrditi prisustvo metabolita ftalne kiseline kod žena u reproduktivnom periodu u našoj sredini, kao i da li postoji povezanost ovih endokrinih disruptora sa antropometrijskim parametrima, parametrima glikoregulacije, lipidima i lipoproteinima seruma, gonadotropinima, polnim hormonima, leptinom i indeksima kardiometaboličkog rizika kod žena sa sindromom policističnih jajnika. Metode: Istraživanje je obuhvatalo 61 ženu sa sindromom policističnih jajnika koje su podeljene u dve podgrupe: 31 ispitanica sa PCOS i prisutnim ftalatnim metabolitima u urinu i 30 ispitanica sa PCOS bez ftalatnih metabolita u urinu. Kontrolnu grupu je činilo 30 zdravih žena. Kod svih ispitanica vršena su antropometrijska merenja (TV, TM, OS) i određivane vrednosti parametara glikoregulacije (glikemija i insulinemija, izačunat je HOMA index), lipidi i lipoproteini seruma (ukupan holesterol, trigliceridi, LDL i HDL holesterol), gonadotropini (LH i FSH), polni hormoni (estradiol i testosteron) i leptin. U proceni kardiometaboličkog rizika korišćena su dva indeksa LAP i VAI. Iz jutarnjeg uzorka urina određivano je prisustvo i koncentracija 10 ftalatnih metabolita: Mono-metil ftalat- MMP, Mono-etil ftalat - MEP, Mono-n-butil ftalat - MBP, Mono-n-propil ftalat- MPP, Mono-izo-amil ftalat - MiAP, Mono-n-amil ftalat - MnAP, Mono-cikloheksil ftalat - MCHP, Monobenzil ftalat- MBzP, Mono-(2-etilheksil) ftalat- MHEP, Mono-n-octil ftalat-MOP. Za statističku obradu podataka korišćeni su odgovarajući parametarski i neparametarski testovi. Rezultati: Kod 51 % ispitanica sa PCOS potvrđeno je prisustvo ftalatnih metabolita u urinu. Najzastupljeniji ftalatni metabolit je bio MEHP, zatim MEP, ali je potvrđeno i prisustvo MMP, MPP i MOP. Kod ispitanica sa PCOS su potvrđene statistički značajne korelacije između ukupnih ftalatnih metabolita i BMI, obima struka, glikemije, insulinemije, HOMA indeksa, ukupnog holesterola, triglicerida, LDL holesterola, leptina i testosterona. Analizom pojedinačnih ftalatnih metabolita utvrđene su pozitivne korelacije između MMP i obima struka, parametara glukoznog metabolizma, ukupnog holesterola, LDL holesterola, triglicerida, LAP i VAI indeksa. Zaključak: Kod žena sa PCOS u reproduktivnom periodu u našoj sredini je potvrđeno prisustvo ftalanih metabolita. Najviše koncentracije su verifikovane za MEHP i MEP, ukazujući na visoku ekspoziciju di-etilheksil ftalatu (DEHP) i di-etil ftalatu (DEP). Ukupni ftalati značajno povećavaju vrednosti parametara koje učestvuju u razvoju metaboličkog sindroma kod PCOS, ali i povećavaju kardiovaskularni rizik ovih bolesnica. Direktna, značajna veza je potvrđena između MMP i testosterona, parametara i indeksa kardiometaboličkog sindroma.Introduction: Phthalates are a type of endocrine disruptor widely used as plasticizers and solvents but also as additives to many products that are used daily. According to previous studies in experimental animals, but also in the human population, phthalic diesters affect the reproductive system, participate in the onset of insulin resistance and obesity. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of the reproductive system of women in the generative period. Insulin resistance and central obesity, as factors of cardiometabolic syndrome, have a significant role in the etiology of PCOS. Objectives: To determine the presence of phthalic acid metabolites in women in the reproductive period in our environment, and whether there is a connection between these endocrine disruptors with anthropometric parameters, glycoregulation parameters, lipids and serum lipoproteins, gonadotrophins, sex hormones, leptin and indexes of cardiometabolic risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methods: The study included 61 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome divided into two subgroups: 31 subjects with PCOS and present phthalate metabolites in urine and 30 subjects with PCOS without phthalate metabolites in urine. The control group consisted of 30 healthy women. In all subjects, anthropometric measurements were carried out (TV, TM, WC) and the values of glycoregulation parameters (glycemia and insulinemia, HOMA index), lipids and serum lipoproteins (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL I HDL cholesterol), gonadotropins FSH), sex hormones (estradiol and testosterone) and leptin. In the assessment of cardiometabolic risk LAP and VAI indexes were determined. From the morning urine sample, the presence and concentration of 10 phthalate metabolites were determined: Mono-methyl phthalate-MMP, Mono-ethyl phthalate-MEP, Mono-n-butyl phthalate-MBF, Mono-n- propyl phthalate- MPP, Mono-iso-amyl phthalate – MiAP, Mono-n-amyl phthalate – MnAP, Mono-cyclohexyl phthalate-MCHP, Monobenzyl phthalate-MBzP, Mono- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-MHEP, Mono-n-octyl phthalate-MOP. For statistical data processing, appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests were used. Results: 51% of subjects with PCOS confirmed the presence of phthalate metabolites in urine. The most common phthalate metabolite was MEHP, then MEP, but the presence of MMP, MPP and MOP also was confirmed. In subjects with PCOS, a statistically significant correlations between total phthalate metabolites and BMI, waist circumference, glycemia, insulinemia, HOMA index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, leptin and testosterone were confirmed. By analyzing individual phthalate metabolites, a positive correlations between MMP and waist circumference, glycoregulation parameters, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, testosterone and LAP and VAI index were determined. Conclusion: In women with PCOS in the reproductive period, the presence of phthalic metabolites in our environment was confirmed. The highest concentrations were verified for MEHP and MEP, indicating a high exposure of DEHP and DEP. Total phthalates significantly increase the values of parameters involved in the development of metabolic syndrome in PCOS, but also increase the cardiovascular risk of these patients. A direct, significant association was confirmed between MMP and testosterone, parameters and index of cardiometabolic syndrome

Measurement of parameters of proprioception after dislocation of patella in adolescent women

Iščašenje, luksacija ili dislokacija čašice (patele), predstavlja povredu kolena prilikom koje dolazi do pomeranja patele iz patelofemoralnog dela zgloba kolena. Pri ovoj povredi dolazi do oštećenja medijalnih mekotkivnih struktura kolena koje su zadužene za pravilno pomeranje čašice unutar patelofemoralnog zgloba. Nakon prve povrede kod velikog borja pacijenata razvije se hronična nestabilnost patelofemoralnog zgloba sa posledičnim recidivantnim luksacijama patele. Mehanizam nastanka hronične nestabilnosti nije u potpunosti razjašnjen i smatra se multifaktorijalnim, a za jedan od faktora smatra se narušavanje neurološke regulacije pokreta kolena. Propriocepcija je složen neurološki mehanizam koji nam omogućava mentalno mapiranje delova tela, sprečavajući prekomerne i nepravilne pokrete koji mogu dovesti do povređivanja. Za njegovu procenu u zglobu kolena najčešće se procenjuje osećaj pozicije zgloba (JPS – eng. „Joint Position Sense“) kao jedne od komponenti propriocepcije. Nerazjašnjeno je koji je najbolji način za njegovu procenu u pogledu izbora različitih uglova fleksije kolena i pozicija ispitanika, ali i kakav je uticaj povreda struktura kolena na njega. U istraživanju su učestvovale isključivo osobe ženskog pola (15-17 godina), svrstane u tri kategorije od po 30 ispitanika. Prvu, kontrolnu grupu, činile su zdrave ne sportistkinje; drugu, grupu sportistkinja, činile su ispitanice koje su se takmičarski bavile košarkom; treću, grupu pacijentkinja, činile su osobe sa luksacijom čašice kolena. Za merenje JPS korišten je VICON optički sistem (©Vicon Motion Systems Ltd. UK registered no. 1801446) za analizu pokreta. Za svaku grupu meren je JPS metodom pasivnog pozicioniranja-aktivne reprodukcije sa kolenom u različitim nivoima fleksije (30°, 45° i 60°), u uspravnom, ležećem i sedećem položaju, nakon čega su rezultati bili poređeni između grupa. Naši rezultati su pokazali da odabir pozicije ispitanika i ugla merenja ne utiče na JPS u zdravim populacijama, kontrolnoj grupi i grupi sportiskinja, niti postoji statistički značajna razlika odgovarajućih pozicija i uglova između ovih grupa. Za grupu pacijentkinja dobili smo da postoji deficit propriocepcije, i da je sedeći stav najosetljivijim za procenu deficita osećaja pozicija zgloba kolena. U odnosu na odgovarajuće uglove kontrolne grupe i grupe sportistkinja, kod pacijentkinja postoji statistički značajno veća greška traženih uglova u sedećem stavu, zbog čega je ovaj stav karakterističan za ovu grupu. Takođe smo uočili da je najveća razlika pri uglu od 45°, čineći ga kritičnim uglom za grupu pacijentkinja. Ono što je ključni zaključak je da nakon povrede kolena po tipu luksacije čašice postoji neurološki deficit kontrole pokreta kolena, koji potencijalno može dovesti do daljeg povređivanja. Obzirom da je JPS metod kumulativne procene proprioceptivnog sistema, dalja istraživanja bi trebala da budu usmerena na određivanje mesta oštećenja istog, čime bi se postiglo bolje razumevanje funkcionisanja sistema regulacije pokreta kao i mogućnost sprovođenja efikasnijeg lečenja nakon povrede kolena.Patellar dislocation represents a knee injury during in which patella moves outside patellofemoral joint. The injury causes damage to the medial soft tissues of the knee, who act as a lateral patella restraint. After the first patella dislocation, large number of patients develop chronic instability of patellofemoral joint with recurrent patella luxation as a result. Etiology of chronic instability of patellofemoral joint is not fully understood, and is considered multifactorial, with one of the factors being the impairment of the neurological regulation of the knee movement. Proprioception is a complex neurological mechanism that allows us to mentally map parts of the body, preventing us from excessive and irregular movements that can lead to injuries. Measuring joint position sense (JPS) is the most commonly used method for evaluating proprioception of the knee. It is unclear what is the best way to evaluate JPS in terms of choosing different angles of knee flexion and the position of subjects, as well as the impact of different knee injuries on it. This study included only female participants (15-17 years old), who were classified into three groups of 30 subjects. The first, control group, included healthy non-athletes; second, a group of athletes, included subjects who actively participated in basketball; third, group of patients, consisted of people with a luxation patella. For measuring JPS, a VICON optical system (© Vicon Motion Systems Ltd. UK registered No. 1801446) was used for motion analysis. For each group, JPS was analysed using passive positioning-active reproduction method with knee at different angles of flexion (30°, 45° and 60°), in an upright, lying and seated position, after which the results were compared between the groups. Our results had shown that the choice of position and angle of measurement did not affect JPS in healthy populations, control group and group of athletes, nor there is a statistically significant difference in the respective positions and angles between these groups. For patients group, we observed a deficit in proprioception, and that the sitting position was the most sensitive for assessing this deficit of JPS. In relation to the corresponding angles of the control group and the athletes' group, there were statistically significant errors of the reproduction angles in the sitting position, which is why this position is characteristic for patients with patella dislocation. We also noted that the biggest difference was for 45° angle, making it the critical angle for the patient group. The key conclusion is that after knee injury, such as patella dislocation, neurological deficit of knee movement control can be observed, and which can potentially play a role in further injuries. Since measuring off knee JPS is a method of cumulative assessment of the proprioceptive system, further research should focus on determining the exact site of damage, which would allow for better understanding and more efficient treatment of knee injuries

Association between phthalic acid esters and polycystic ovarian syndrome

Uvod: Ftalati su vrsta endokrinih disruptora koji se široko koriste kao plastifikatori i rastvarači ali i kao aditivi brojim proizvodima koji se svakodnevno koriste. Prema dosadašnjim studijama na eksperimentalnim životinjama, ali i u humanoj populaciji, diestri ftalne kiseline utiču na reproduktivni sistem, učestvuju u nastanku insulinske rezistencije i gojaznosti. Sindrom policističnih ovarijuma (PCOS) je najčešći endokrinološki poremećaj reproduktivnog sistema žena u generativnom periodu. Insulinska rezistencija i centralna gojaznost, kao faktori kardiometaboličkog sindroma imaju značajnu ulogu u etiologiji PCOS. Ciljevi: Utvrditi prisustvo metabolita ftalne kiseline kod žena u reproduktivnom periodu u našoj sredini, kao i da li postoji povezanost ovih endokrinih disruptora sa antropometrijskim parametrima, parametrima glikoregulacije, lipidima i lipoproteinima seruma, gonadotropinima, polnim hormonima, leptinom i indeksima kardiometaboličkog rizika kod žena sa sindromom policističnih jajnika. Metode: Istraživanje je obuhvatalo 61 ženu sa sindromom policističnih jajnika koje su podeljene u dve podgrupe: 31 ispitanica sa PCOS i prisutnim ftalatnim metabolitima u urinu i 30 ispitanica sa PCOS bez ftalatnih metabolita u urinu. Kontrolnu grupu je činilo 30 zdravih žena. Kod svih ispitanica vršena su antropometrijska merenja (TV, TM, OS) i određivane vrednosti parametara glikoregulacije (glikemija i insulinemija, izačunat je HOMA index), lipidi i lipoproteini seruma (ukupan holesterol, trigliceridi, LDL i HDL holesterol), gonadotropini (LH i FSH), polni hormoni (estradiol i testosteron) i leptin. U proceni kardiometaboličkog rizika korišćena su dva indeksa LAP i VAI. Iz jutarnjeg uzorka urina određivano je prisustvo i koncentracija 10 ftalatnih metabolita: Mono-metil ftalat- MMP, Mono-etil ftalat - MEP, Mono-n-butil ftalat - MBP, Mono-n-propil ftalat- MPP, Mono-izo-amil ftalat - MiAP, Mono-n-amil ftalat - MnAP, Mono-cikloheksil ftalat - MCHP, Monobenzil ftalat- MBzP, Mono-(2-etilheksil) ftalat- MHEP, Mono-n-octil ftalat-MOP. Za statističku obradu podataka korišćeni su odgovarajući parametarski i neparametarski testovi. Rezultati: Kod 51 % ispitanica sa PCOS potvrđeno je prisustvo ftalatnih metabolita u urinu. Najzastupljeniji ftalatni metabolit je bio MEHP, zatim MEP, ali je potvrđeno i prisustvo MMP, MPP i MOP. Kod ispitanica sa PCOS su potvrđene statistički značajne korelacije između ukupnih ftalatnih metabolita i BMI, obima struka, glikemije, insulinemije, HOMA indeksa, ukupnog holesterola, triglicerida, LDL holesterola, leptina i testosterona. Analizom pojedinačnih ftalatnih metabolita utvrđene su pozitivne korelacije između MMP i obima struka, parametara glukoznog metabolizma, ukupnog holesterola, LDL holesterola, triglicerida, LAP i VAI indeksa. Zaključak: Kod žena sa PCOS u reproduktivnom periodu u našoj sredini je potvrđeno prisustvo ftalanih metabolita. Najviše koncentracije su verifikovane za MEHP i MEP, ukazujući na visoku ekspoziciju di-etilheksil ftalatu (DEHP) i di-etil ftalatu (DEP). Ukupni ftalati značajno povećavaju vrednosti parametara koje učestvuju u razvoju metaboličkog sindroma kod PCOS, ali i povećavaju kardiovaskularni rizik ovih bolesnica. Direktna, značajna veza je potvrđena između MMP i testosterona, parametara i indeksa kardiometaboličkog sindroma.Introduction: Phthalates are a type of endocrine disruptor widely used as plasticizers and solvents but also as additives to many products that are used daily. According to previous studies in experimental animals, but also in the human population, phthalic diesters affect the reproductive system, participate in the onset of insulin resistance and obesity. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of the reproductive system of women in the generative period. Insulin resistance and central obesity, as factors of cardiometabolic syndrome, have a significant role in the etiology of PCOS. Objectives: To determine the presence of phthalic acid metabolites in women in the reproductive period in our environment, and whether there is a connection between these endocrine disruptors with anthropometric parameters, glycoregulation parameters, lipids and serum lipoproteins, gonadotrophins, sex hormones, leptin and indexes of cardiometabolic risk in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Methods: The study included 61 women with polycystic ovarian syndrome divided into two subgroups: 31 subjects with PCOS and present phthalate metabolites in urine and 30 subjects with PCOS without phthalate metabolites in urine. The control group consisted of 30 healthy women. In all subjects, anthropometric measurements were carried out (TV, TM, WC) and the values of glycoregulation parameters (glycemia and insulinemia, HOMA index), lipids and serum lipoproteins (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL I HDL cholesterol), gonadotropins FSH), sex hormones (estradiol and testosterone) and leptin. In the assessment of cardiometabolic risk LAP and VAI indexes were determined. From the morning urine sample, the presence and concentration of 10 phthalate metabolites were determined: Mono-methyl phthalate-MMP, Mono-ethyl phthalate-MEP, Mono-n-butyl phthalate-MBF, Mono-n- propyl phthalate- MPP, Mono-iso-amyl phthalate – MiAP, Mono-n-amyl phthalate – MnAP, Mono-cyclohexyl phthalate-MCHP, Monobenzyl phthalate-MBzP, Mono- (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-MHEP, Mono-n-octyl phthalate-MOP. For statistical data processing, appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests were used. Results: 51% of subjects with PCOS confirmed the presence of phthalate metabolites in urine. The most common phthalate metabolite was MEHP, then MEP, but the presence of MMP, MPP and MOP also was confirmed. In subjects with PCOS, a statistically significant correlations between total phthalate metabolites and BMI, waist circumference, glycemia, insulinemia, HOMA index, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, leptin and testosterone were confirmed. By analyzing individual phthalate metabolites, a positive correlations between MMP and waist circumference, glycoregulation parameters, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, testosterone and LAP and VAI index were determined. Conclusion: In women with PCOS in the reproductive period, the presence of phthalic metabolites in our environment was confirmed. The highest concentrations were verified for MEHP and MEP, indicating a high exposure of DEHP and DEP. Total phthalates significantly increase the values of parameters involved in the development of metabolic syndrome in PCOS, but also increase the cardiovascular risk of these patients. A direct, significant association was confirmed between MMP and testosterone, parameters and index of cardiometabolic syndrome

Phonological awareness deficit in children with dyslexia and dysorthography

Razvojna disleksija je specifičan deficit čitanja uprkos prosečnoj inteligenciji, školovanju i obrazovnom okruženju, a u odsustvu senzornih ili psihijatrijskih poremećaja. Disortografija predstavlja otežano učenje pravopisa maternjeg jezika u vreme kada su deca istog uzrasta, sposobnosti i obuke već savladala pravopisna pravila. Deficit fonološke obrade objašnjava disleksiju i disortografiju kao posledicu individualnih smetnji u fonološkom procesiranju koja se ispoljava kao slabost u sposobnosti stvaranja veze između fonema i grafema. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su da se utvrdi nivo razvijenosti fonološke svesnosti kod dece sa disleksijom i disortografijom, zatim u kojoj meri govorno jezički poremećaji utiču na ispoljavanje disleksije i disortografije, kao i da se utvrdi da li postoji razlika u ispoljavanju ovih smetnji u odnosu na pol dece. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 689 dece, od prvog do trećeg razreda osnovne škole čiji je maternji jezik srpski. Deca su podeljena u grupe u odnosu na razred koji pohađaju. Za procenu fonološke svesnosti primenjen je test FONT koji obuhvata osam tipova zadataka:spajanje slogova, slogovna segmentacija, identifikovanje početnog fonema, prepoznavanje rime, fonemska segmentacija, identifikovanje završnog fonema, eliminacija fonema, fonemska supstitucija i spajanje slogova. Brzina, tačnost, fluentnost čitanja i razumevanje sadržaja pročitanog procenjena je testom čitanja The Gray Oral Reading Tests-GORT 5. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja urađena je kros-kulturalna adaptacija testa, prema vodiču za adaptaciju u odnosu na jezičke i kulturalne različitosti. Za procenu razvijenosti govora i poznavanje reči, apstraktne inteligencije, faktora distraktibilnosti i koncentracije, kao i procene vizuomotorne koordinacije, korišćeni su subtestovi Revisk-revidirane skale za merenje inteligencije. Skalom za procenu pravopisnog nivoa rukopisa procenjeno je prepoznavanje semantičkih oblika i njihovo korišćenje u kontekstu saopštavanja misaonih sadržaja. Rezultati pokazuju da najveći broj dece, od prvog do trećeg razreda, ima razvijeno čitanje u kategoriji proseka. U drugom i trećem razredu 61 dete (13.7%) ispoljava disleksiju, a 82 (18,4%) dece disortografične smetnje. Deca sa disleksijom i disortografijom češće imaju deficit fonološke svesnosti u odnosu na decu tipičnog razvoja. Deca sa disleksijom i disortografijom ispoljavaju deficit svih elemenata koji čine fonološku svesnost. Elementi fonološke svesnosti kod dece mlađeg školskog uzrasta čiji je maternji jezik srpski, predstavljaju značajne prediktore za sticanje čitanja i pravopisa. Govorno jezički poremećaji zastupljeni su kod 137 dece (19.9%), od prvog do trećeg razreda. Kod dece sa govorno jezičkim poremećajima se češće ispoljava disleksija i disortografija u odnosu na decu tipičnog razvoja. Najveći broj dece sa disleksijom i disortografijom ima podprosečne rezultate na subtestu Rečnik. Disleksija i disortografija, kao i deficit fonološke svesnosti su češće zastupljeni kod dečaka, ali ta razlika nije značajna. U odnosu na rezultate istraživanja napravljen je Protokol za detekciju, procenu i korekciju disleksije i disortografije.Developmental dyslexia is a specific reading deficit occurring in spite of average intelligence, appropriate schooling and educational environment, in the absence of any sensory or psychiatric disorders. Dysorthography represents a child`s impaired acquisition of the orthography of his/her mother tongue at the age when children of equal abilities and schooling have already mastered orthographic rules. A deficit in phonological awareness explains both dyslexia and dysorthography as a consequence of individual difficulties in phonological processing displayed as impairment in creating associations between phonemes and graphemes. The aims of this research were to establish the level of development of phonological awareness in children with dyslexia and dysorthography, the extent to which speech disorders affect dyslexia and dysorthography, and if there is a difference in their frequency with regard to gender. The study included 689 children, attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade of primary school, whose mother tongue was Serbian. Children were divided into groups according to school grade. For the assessment of phonological awareness the FONT test was used which entails eight types of tasks: syllable blending, syllable segmentation, identifying the initial phoneme, recognizing rime, phoneme segmentation, identifying the ending phoneme, phoneme deletion, and phoneme substitution. Reading accuracy, fluency and comprehension were assessed by The Gray Oral Reading Tests – GORT 5. For the purposes of this study, a cross-cultural adaptation was performed, in accordance with the guidelines provided in the guide for adaptation regarding linguistic and cultural differences. Subtests of the REVISK – revised scale for the assessment of intelligence were used to assess the developmental level of speech and vocabulary, attention and distractibility, as well as visual-motor coordination. A scale for the assessment of the orthographic level of handwriting was used to recognize semantic forms and their application in the context of conveying thought content. The results show that the majority of children, attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade have an average reading ability. 61 children (13.7%) attending 2nd and 3rd grade have dyslexia, while 82 (18.4%) have difficulties with the orthography. These children more often have a phonological awareness deficit compared to typically developing children. Children with dyslexia and dysorthography display a deficit in all the elements of phonological awareness. The elements of phonological awareness have proven to be significant predictors of mastering reading and writing in children attending lower grades of primary school, whose mother tongue is Serbian. Speaking disorders were found to be present in 137 (19.9%) children attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade. These children more often have dyslexia and dysorthography compared to typically developing children. The majority of children with dyslexia and dysorthography have below average results on the Vocabulary subtest. Dyslexia and dysorthography, as well as the phonological awareness deficit are more present in boys but the gender difference is not significant. In accordance with our results, a protocol was developed to detect, assess and correct dyslexia and dysorthography

Phonological awareness deficit in children with dyslexia and dysorthography

Razvojna disleksija je specifičan deficit čitanja uprkos prosečnoj inteligenciji, školovanju i obrazovnom okruženju, a u odsustvu senzornih ili psihijatrijskih poremećaja. Disortografija predstavlja otežano učenje pravopisa maternjeg jezika u vreme kada su deca istog uzrasta, sposobnosti i obuke već savladala pravopisna pravila. Deficit fonološke obrade objašnjava disleksiju i disortografiju kao posledicu individualnih smetnji u fonološkom procesiranju koja se ispoljava kao slabost u sposobnosti stvaranja veze između fonema i grafema. Ciljevi ovog istraživanja bili su da se utvrdi nivo razvijenosti fonološke svesnosti kod dece sa disleksijom i disortografijom, zatim u kojoj meri govorno jezički poremećaji utiču na ispoljavanje disleksije i disortografije, kao i da se utvrdi da li postoji razlika u ispoljavanju ovih smetnji u odnosu na pol dece. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 689 dece, od prvog do trećeg razreda osnovne škole čiji je maternji jezik srpski. Deca su podeljena u grupe u odnosu na razred koji pohađaju. Za procenu fonološke svesnosti primenjen je test FONT koji obuhvata osam tipova zadataka:spajanje slogova, slogovna segmentacija, identifikovanje početnog fonema, prepoznavanje rime, fonemska segmentacija, identifikovanje završnog fonema, eliminacija fonema, fonemska supstitucija i spajanje slogova. Brzina, tačnost, fluentnost čitanja i razumevanje sadržaja pročitanog procenjena je testom čitanja The Gray Oral Reading Tests-GORT 5. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja urađena je kros-kulturalna adaptacija testa, prema vodiču za adaptaciju u odnosu na jezičke i kulturalne različitosti. Za procenu razvijenosti govora i poznavanje reči, apstraktne inteligencije, faktora distraktibilnosti i koncentracije, kao i procene vizuomotorne koordinacije, korišćeni su subtestovi Revisk-revidirane skale za merenje inteligencije. Skalom za procenu pravopisnog nivoa rukopisa procenjeno je prepoznavanje semantičkih oblika i njihovo korišćenje u kontekstu saopštavanja misaonih sadržaja. Rezultati pokazuju da najveći broj dece, od prvog do trećeg razreda, ima razvijeno čitanje u kategoriji proseka. U drugom i trećem razredu 61 dete (13.7%) ispoljava disleksiju, a 82 (18,4%) dece disortografične smetnje. Deca sa disleksijom i disortografijom češće imaju deficit fonološke svesnosti u odnosu na decu tipičnog razvoja. Deca sa disleksijom i disortografijom ispoljavaju deficit svih elemenata koji čine fonološku svesnost. Elementi fonološke svesnosti kod dece mlađeg školskog uzrasta čiji je maternji jezik srpski, predstavljaju značajne prediktore za sticanje čitanja i pravopisa. Govorno jezički poremećaji zastupljeni su kod 137 dece (19.9%), od prvog do trećeg razreda. Kod dece sa govorno jezičkim poremećajima se češće ispoljava disleksija i disortografija u odnosu na decu tipičnog razvoja. Najveći broj dece sa disleksijom i disortografijom ima podprosečne rezultate na subtestu Rečnik. Disleksija i disortografija, kao i deficit fonološke svesnosti su češće zastupljeni kod dečaka, ali ta razlika nije značajna. U odnosu na rezultate istraživanja napravljen je Protokol za detekciju, procenu i korekciju disleksije i disortografije.Developmental dyslexia is a specific reading deficit occurring in spite of average intelligence, appropriate schooling and educational environment, in the absence of any sensory or psychiatric disorders. Dysorthography represents a child`s impaired acquisition of the orthography of his/her mother tongue at the age when children of equal abilities and schooling have already mastered orthographic rules. A deficit in phonological awareness explains both dyslexia and dysorthography as a consequence of individual difficulties in phonological processing displayed as impairment in creating associations between phonemes and graphemes. The aims of this research were to establish the level of development of phonological awareness in children with dyslexia and dysorthography, the extent to which speech disorders affect dyslexia and dysorthography, and if there is a difference in their frequency with regard to gender. The study included 689 children, attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade of primary school, whose mother tongue was Serbian. Children were divided into groups according to school grade. For the assessment of phonological awareness the FONT test was used which entails eight types of tasks: syllable blending, syllable segmentation, identifying the initial phoneme, recognizing rime, phoneme segmentation, identifying the ending phoneme, phoneme deletion, and phoneme substitution. Reading accuracy, fluency and comprehension were assessed by The Gray Oral Reading Tests – GORT 5. For the purposes of this study, a cross-cultural adaptation was performed, in accordance with the guidelines provided in the guide for adaptation regarding linguistic and cultural differences. Subtests of the REVISK – revised scale for the assessment of intelligence were used to assess the developmental level of speech and vocabulary, attention and distractibility, as well as visual-motor coordination. A scale for the assessment of the orthographic level of handwriting was used to recognize semantic forms and their application in the context of conveying thought content. The results show that the majority of children, attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade have an average reading ability. 61 children (13.7%) attending 2nd and 3rd grade have dyslexia, while 82 (18.4%) have difficulties with the orthography. These children more often have a phonological awareness deficit compared to typically developing children. Children with dyslexia and dysorthography display a deficit in all the elements of phonological awareness. The elements of phonological awareness have proven to be significant predictors of mastering reading and writing in children attending lower grades of primary school, whose mother tongue is Serbian. Speaking disorders were found to be present in 137 (19.9%) children attending 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade. These children more often have dyslexia and dysorthography compared to typically developing children. The majority of children with dyslexia and dysorthography have below average results on the Vocabulary subtest. Dyslexia and dysorthography, as well as the phonological awareness deficit are more present in boys but the gender difference is not significant. In accordance with our results, a protocol was developed to detect, assess and correct dyslexia and dysorthography

Fine scale population structure of hoverfly pollinator, <i>Eristalis arbustorum</i>:An integrative study

Determination of the factors influencing the population structure and adaptive tolerance to environmental pressures of the synanthropic hoverfly Eristalis arbustorum is of essential importance in understanding how pollinator populations could respond to climate change or ecosystem management. We addressed the issue of connectivity among conspecific populations sampled in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Twenty environmental factors, mitochondrial DNA sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI mtDNA), allele frequencies at allozyme loci and wing traits (size and shape) were compared for characterization of population structure and environmental niches. Additionally, patterns of within-individual asymmetry (fluctuating asymmetry; FA) in wing size and shape within and among conspecific populations were studied. In line with the overall similarity of the environmental factors extracted for our study sites, the results of COI mtDNA diversity and STRUCTURE allozyme data provide evidence for shallow differentiation among conspecific populations. In contrast, geo-referenced Bayesian clustering methods (BAPS and GENELAND) and population-based approaches (pairwise F-ST values and AMOVA) indicate that the dispersal potential of E. arbustorum may be limited across the study area. Along with a significant FA in wing size and shape, a consistent level of FA regardless of urban/rural sampling origin is an indication of the great potential of E. arbustorum for local adaptation, because increased FA levels can be considered to be a way of expression of phenotypic variation and, hence, may contribute to adaptive responses in populations facing changing environments. Thus, by using a combined genetic-morphological approach, we significantly contributed to the understanding of the fine-scale genetic structure of the synanthropic generalist pollinator E. arbustorum

Evolutionary relationships of the ruficornis and aeneus groups ofspecies of the genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Syrphidae)

U radu, metodom PAGE (poliakrilamid gel elektroforeze), analizirana je gensko-enzimska varijabilnost 11 populacija vrsta ruficornis grupe: M. ruficornis, M. armipes, M. crymensis, M. loewi i M. recurvus; 11 populacija vrsta aeneus grupe: M. aeneus: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A, M. cinereus B, M. funestus i M. desuturinus; 7 populacija avidus grupe (M. avidus A i M. avidus B) roda Merodon i 4 populacije vrste Cheilosia vernalis sa teritorije Balkanskog poluostrva. Analizirana je varijabilnost alozima determinisanih alelima 17 lokusa (Aat, Fum, Gpd-1, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) vrsta ruficornis grupe, 15 lokusa (Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) aeneus grupe, 16 lokusa (Aat, Ao, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) avidus grupe i 12 lokusa (Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgm, Sod-1) populacija vrste Ch. vernalis. Populaciono-genetičkom analizom vrsta ruficornis grupe utvrđen je dijagnostički značaj Aat, Fum, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm i Sod-1 lokusa. Species-specifičnim alelima identifikovane su vrste i formiran genetičko-biohemijski dihotomi ključ. Analizom alozimske varijabilnosti populacija vrsta aeneus grupe registrovani su kriptični taksoni: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A i M. cinereus B. U simpatričkim i alohronim populacijama vrsta M. aeneus A i M. aeneus C registrovani su dijagnostički Had, Sod-1, Me, Aat i Pgm lokusi. Analizom PGM zimograma, u okviru prethodno definisane "prolećne generacije" determinisana je populacija sa Kopaonika taksona M. aeneus B aeneus kompleksa. Determinacija kriptičnih taksona M. cinereus A i M. cinereus B izvršena je na osnovu speciesspecifičnih genotipova Had lokusa. Najveći broj dijagnostičkih lokusa registrovan je između vrsta M. desuturinus i M. funestus, kao i između navedenih vrsta i ostalih vrsta aeneus kompleksa. Utvrđen je i dijagnostički značaj većine analiziranih lokusa: Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm i Sod-1. Na osnovu genetičkih markera Aat i Idh-2 lokusa i dijagnostičkih morfoloških karaktera identifikovane su sestrinske vrste M. avidus A i M. avidus B. Stepen genetičke diferencijacije između vrsta u okviru ruficornis i aeneus grupa bio je veći u odnosu na blisko srodne vrste aeneus i cinereus kompleksa i sestrinskih vrsta avidus grupe. Na genetičku identičnost ukazuje 52,94% (ruficornis grupa) i 55,56% (aeneus grupa) vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, odnosno, potpuna genetička različitost registrovana je u 25,41% (ruficornis grupa) i 25,49% (aeneus grupa) analiza. Na osnovu prosečne genetičke bliskosti i klaster analize u okviru ruficornis grupe diferencirana je grupa blisko srodnih vrsta M. armipes, M. ruficornis i M. recurvus u odnosu na genetički udaljene vrste, M. crymensis i M. loewi. Dendrogramom genetičkih odnosa između vrsta aeneus grupe formirana je monofiletska grupa vrsta aeneus i cinereus kompleksa, nasuprot genetički udaljenim vrstama M. funestus i M. desuturinus. Utvrđena je veća zastupljenost vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, mere genetičke identičnosti (37,44%) i manji procenat pokazatelja genetičke različitosti (47,80%) između vrsta aeneus i avidus grupa u odnosu na vrste ruficornis i avidus grupe (29,84% i 58,09%). Na visok stepen genetičkih razlika između kongeneričkih vrsta roda Merodon ukazuje najveća procentualna zastupljenost vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, pokazatelja genetičke različitosti (62,01%) i mali stepen genetičke identičnosti (26,84%). Utvrđen je pleziomorfan karakter Gpi (Gpijl), Hk-2, Hk-3 (Hkc) i Mdh-2 (Mdh-2e) lokusa vrsta ruficornis, aeneus i avidus grupa roda Merodon, kao i predački aleli Gpii, Gpij, i Pgmf vrsta avidus i aeneus grupa. Poređenjem alozima determinisanih alelima 10 lokusa populacija vrste Cheilosia vernalis, suprageneričke out vrste, i populacija vrsta roda Merodon, registrovani su identični aleli samo u Fum i Pgm lokusima.Gene-enzyme variability of the ruficornis (11 populations: M. ruficornis, M. armipes, M. crymensis, M. loewi and M. recurvus), aeneus (11 populations: M. aeneus: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A, M. cinereus B, M. funestus and M. desuturinus) and avidus (7 populations: M. avidus A and M. avidus B) groups of species of the genus Merodon and four Cheilosia vernalis populations from the Balkan peninsula was analyzed using PAGE (polyacrilamide electrophoresis). Allozyme variability of 17 loci in the ruficornis species group (Aat, Fum, Gpd-1, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3), 17 loci in the aeneus species group (Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3), 16 loci in the avidus species group (Aat, Ao, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) and 12 loci in Ch. vernalis populations (Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgm, Sod-1) was evaluated. Diagnostic value of Aat, Fum, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm and Sod-1 loci was determined by the population-genetic analysis of the ruficornis species group. The species were identified using species-specific alleles and genetic-biochemical key was formed. Allozyme variability analysis of the aeneus species group populations enabled discrimination of the cryptic taxa: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A and M. cinereus B. In sympatric and alochronic populations of the species M. aeneus A and M. aeneus diagnostic loci were observed (Had, Sod-1, Me, Aat and Pgm). Analysis of the PGM zymogram allowed the identification of the cryptic species M. aeneus B in the previously delineated "spring generation" from Kopaonik. Cryptic taxa M. cinereus A and M. cinereus B were discriminated based on the species-specific genotypes at the Had locus. The largest numbers of the diagnostic loci were registered for differentiating M. desuturinus and M. funestus species, and between these two and other species of the aeneus complex. Diagnostic value was recorded for the analyzed loci: Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Hk- 2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm and Sod-1. Sibling species M. avidus A and M. avidus B were identified using genetic markers of Aat and Idh-2 loci and diagnostic morphological characters. The degree of genetic differentiation between the species of the ruficornis and the aeneus groups was higher comparing to closely related species of the aeneus and the cinereus complexes and sibling species of the avidus group. Out of the performed analyses, 52.94% (ruficornis group) and 55.56% (aeneus group) of the genetic identity values for loci point to genetic identity, while complete genetic difference was registered in 25.41% (ruficornis group) and 25.49% (aeneus group). Average values of the genetic identity and cluster analysis enabled differentiating the groups of closely related (M. armipes, M. ruficornis and M. recurvus) and genetically distant species (M. crymensis and M. loewi) in the ruficornis group. Based on dendrogram of genetic relationships between the species of the aeneus group, monophyletic group of the aeneus and the cinereus complex species was formed, as opposed to genetically distant species M. funestus and M. desuturinus. Genetic identity among loci between the aeneus and the avidus groups was higher (37.44%) while genetic distance was lower (47.80%) in comparison to the corresponding values for the ruficornis and the avidus groups of species (29.84% and 58.09%). High values of genetic difference (62.01%) and low values of genetic identity (26.84%) indicate great genetic difference between congeneric species of the genus Merodon. Pleziomorphous character of Gpi (Gpijl), Hk-2, Hk-3 (Hkc) and Mdh-2 (Mdh-2e) loci in the ruficornis, aeneus and avidus species groups of the genus Merodon and ancestral alleles (Gpii, Gpij, Pgmf ) in the avidus and the aeneus species groups were registered. Comparison of allozymes of the suprageneric out species Ch. vernalis and the populations of the genus Merodon revealed identical alleles only in Fum and Pgm loci

Evolutionary relationships of the ruficornis and aeneus groups ofspecies of the genus Merodon Meigen, 1803 (Diptera: Syrphidae)

U radu, metodom PAGE (poliakrilamid gel elektroforeze), analizirana je gensko-enzimska varijabilnost 11 populacija vrsta ruficornis grupe: M. ruficornis, M. armipes, M. crymensis, M. loewi i M. recurvus; 11 populacija vrsta aeneus grupe: M. aeneus: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A, M. cinereus B, M. funestus i M. desuturinus; 7 populacija avidus grupe (M. avidus A i M. avidus B) roda Merodon i 4 populacije vrste Cheilosia vernalis sa teritorije Balkanskog poluostrva. Analizirana je varijabilnost alozima determinisanih alelima 17 lokusa (Aat, Fum, Gpd-1, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) vrsta ruficornis grupe, 15 lokusa (Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) aeneus grupe, 16 lokusa (Aat, Ao, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) avidus grupe i 12 lokusa (Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgm, Sod-1) populacija vrste Ch. vernalis. Populaciono-genetičkom analizom vrsta ruficornis grupe utvrđen je dijagnostički značaj Aat, Fum, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm i Sod-1 lokusa. Species-specifičnim alelima identifikovane su vrste i formiran genetičko-biohemijski dihotomi ključ. Analizom alozimske varijabilnosti populacija vrsta aeneus grupe registrovani su kriptični taksoni: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A i M. cinereus B. U simpatričkim i alohronim populacijama vrsta M. aeneus A i M. aeneus C registrovani su dijagnostički Had, Sod-1, Me, Aat i Pgm lokusi. Analizom PGM zimograma, u okviru prethodno definisane "prolećne generacije" determinisana je populacija sa Kopaonika taksona M. aeneus B aeneus kompleksa. Determinacija kriptičnih taksona M. cinereus A i M. cinereus B izvršena je na osnovu speciesspecifičnih genotipova Had lokusa. Najveći broj dijagnostičkih lokusa registrovan je između vrsta M. desuturinus i M. funestus, kao i između navedenih vrsta i ostalih vrsta aeneus kompleksa. Utvrđen je i dijagnostički značaj većine analiziranih lokusa: Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm i Sod-1. Na osnovu genetičkih markera Aat i Idh-2 lokusa i dijagnostičkih morfoloških karaktera identifikovane su sestrinske vrste M. avidus A i M. avidus B. Stepen genetičke diferencijacije između vrsta u okviru ruficornis i aeneus grupa bio je veći u odnosu na blisko srodne vrste aeneus i cinereus kompleksa i sestrinskih vrsta avidus grupe. Na genetičku identičnost ukazuje 52,94% (ruficornis grupa) i 55,56% (aeneus grupa) vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, odnosno, potpuna genetička različitost registrovana je u 25,41% (ruficornis grupa) i 25,49% (aeneus grupa) analiza. Na osnovu prosečne genetičke bliskosti i klaster analize u okviru ruficornis grupe diferencirana je grupa blisko srodnih vrsta M. armipes, M. ruficornis i M. recurvus u odnosu na genetički udaljene vrste, M. crymensis i M. loewi. Dendrogramom genetičkih odnosa između vrsta aeneus grupe formirana je monofiletska grupa vrsta aeneus i cinereus kompleksa, nasuprot genetički udaljenim vrstama M. funestus i M. desuturinus. Utvrđena je veća zastupljenost vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, mere genetičke identičnosti (37,44%) i manji procenat pokazatelja genetičke različitosti (47,80%) između vrsta aeneus i avidus grupa u odnosu na vrste ruficornis i avidus grupe (29,84% i 58,09%). Na visok stepen genetičkih razlika između kongeneričkih vrsta roda Merodon ukazuje najveća procentualna zastupljenost vrednosti genetičke bliskosti po lokusu, pokazatelja genetičke različitosti (62,01%) i mali stepen genetičke identičnosti (26,84%). Utvrđen je pleziomorfan karakter Gpi (Gpijl), Hk-2, Hk-3 (Hkc) i Mdh-2 (Mdh-2e) lokusa vrsta ruficornis, aeneus i avidus grupa roda Merodon, kao i predački aleli Gpii, Gpij, i Pgmf vrsta avidus i aeneus grupa. Poređenjem alozima determinisanih alelima 10 lokusa populacija vrste Cheilosia vernalis, suprageneričke out vrste, i populacija vrsta roda Merodon, registrovani su identični aleli samo u Fum i Pgm lokusima.Gene-enzyme variability of the ruficornis (11 populations: M. ruficornis, M. armipes, M. crymensis, M. loewi and M. recurvus), aeneus (11 populations: M. aeneus: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A, M. cinereus B, M. funestus and M. desuturinus) and avidus (7 populations: M. avidus A and M. avidus B) groups of species of the genus Merodon and four Cheilosia vernalis populations from the Balkan peninsula was analyzed using PAGE (polyacrilamide electrophoresis). Allozyme variability of 17 loci in the ruficornis species group (Aat, Fum, Gpd-1, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3), 17 loci in the aeneus species group (Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3), 16 loci in the avidus species group (Aat, Ao, Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm, Sod-1, Sod-2, Sod-3) and 12 loci in Ch. vernalis populations (Fum, Gpd-2, Gpi, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Pgm, Sod-1) was evaluated. Diagnostic value of Aat, Fum, Had, Hk-2, Hk-3, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm and Sod-1 loci was determined by the population-genetic analysis of the ruficornis species group. The species were identified using species-specific alleles and genetic-biochemical key was formed. Allozyme variability analysis of the aeneus species group populations enabled discrimination of the cryptic taxa: M. aeneus A, M. aeneus B, M. aeneus C, M. cinereus A and M. cinereus B. In sympatric and alochronic populations of the species M. aeneus A and M. aeneus diagnostic loci were observed (Had, Sod-1, Me, Aat and Pgm). Analysis of the PGM zymogram allowed the identification of the cryptic species M. aeneus B in the previously delineated "spring generation" from Kopaonik. Cryptic taxa M. cinereus A and M. cinereus B were discriminated based on the species-specific genotypes at the Had locus. The largest numbers of the diagnostic loci were registered for differentiating M. desuturinus and M. funestus species, and between these two and other species of the aeneus complex. Diagnostic value was recorded for the analyzed loci: Aat, Fum, Gpd-2, Hk- 2, Hk-3, Idh-2, Mdh-2, Me, Pgm and Sod-1. Sibling species M. avidus A and M. avidus B were identified using genetic markers of Aat and Idh-2 loci and diagnostic morphological characters. The degree of genetic differentiation between the species of the ruficornis and the aeneus groups was higher comparing to closely related species of the aeneus and the cinereus complexes and sibling species of the avidus group. Out of the performed analyses, 52.94% (ruficornis group) and 55.56% (aeneus group) of the genetic identity values for loci point to genetic identity, while complete genetic difference was registered in 25.41% (ruficornis group) and 25.49% (aeneus group). Average values of the genetic identity and cluster analysis enabled differentiating the groups of closely related (M. armipes, M. ruficornis and M. recurvus) and genetically distant species (M. crymensis and M. loewi) in the ruficornis group. Based on dendrogram of genetic relationships between the species of the aeneus group, monophyletic group of the aeneus and the cinereus complex species was formed, as opposed to genetically distant species M. funestus and M. desuturinus. Genetic identity among loci between the aeneus and the avidus groups was higher (37.44%) while genetic distance was lower (47.80%) in comparison to the corresponding values for the ruficornis and the avidus groups of species (29.84% and 58.09%). High values of genetic difference (62.01%) and low values of genetic identity (26.84%) indicate great genetic difference between congeneric species of the genus Merodon. Pleziomorphous character of Gpi (Gpijl), Hk-2, Hk-3 (Hkc) and Mdh-2 (Mdh-2e) loci in the ruficornis, aeneus and avidus species groups of the genus Merodon and ancestral alleles (Gpii, Gpij, Pgmf ) in the avidus and the aeneus species groups were registered. Comparison of allozymes of the suprageneric out species Ch. vernalis and the populations of the genus Merodon revealed identical alleles only in Fum and Pgm loci

Deficijencija B12 vitamina kod deteta majke na veganskoj ishrani

Vitamin B12 deficiency usually occurs in exclusively breastfed infants whose mothers have pernicious anaemia or are vegetarian. Early treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency in infants can prevent potentially neurologic sequelae. A male child aged 13 months has been hospitalized due to failure to thrive, feeding problems, pallor, weakness and hypotonia. During the pregnancy mother did not eat meat and during lactation she also excluded eggs and milk. The child was exclusively breastfed. Laboratory investigations showed a haemoglobin level of 3.5 g/dL, haematocrit 10%, red blood cell count of 0.99 × 1012/L, white blood cell count of 4.23 × 109 /L and platelet count of 55 × 109 /L. Vitamin B12 level was low. A bone marrow aspiration finding was consistent with megaloblastic anaemia. The magnetic resonance imaging showed brain atrophy. Vitamin B12 in a dose of 10µg per kg was applied intramuscularly daily for 2 weeks, then once weekly. Three days after initiating B12 vitamin therapy there was an improvement in the blood count with the gradual improvement of neurological state. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a treatable cause of pancytopenia and neurological dysfunction in children and should be considered as differential diagnosis in an infant with neurological symptoms.Deficijencija B12 vitamina se obično javlja kod odojčadi koja su na prirodnoj ishrani a čije majke imaju pernicioznu anemiju ili su vegetarijanci. Pravovremeno lečenje deficijencije B12 vitamina kod odojčadi može da prevenira potencijalne neurološke posledice. Malo muško dete uzrasta 13 meseci je hospitalizovano zbog nenapredovanja, problema sa hranjenjem, bledila, slabosti i hipotonije.Tokom trudnoće majka nije jela meso dok je tokom dojenja iz ishrane isključila i jaja i mleko. Dete je isključivo dojeno. U laboratorijskim nalazima nivo hemoglobina je iznosio 3,5 g/dl, hematokrit 10%, broj eritrocita je bio 0.99×1012/L, broj leukocita 4.23×109 /L i broj trombocita 55×109 /L. Nivo B12 vitamina je bio snižen. Nalaz biopsije kostne srži ukazivao je na megaloblastnu anemiju. Na magnetnoj rezonanci endokranijuma viđena je atrofija mozga. Vitamin B12 u dozi od 10 mikrograma/kg primenjen je intramuskularno svakodnevno tokom 2 nedelje, potom jednom nedeljno.Tri dana od započinjanja terapije zabeleženo je poboljšanje hematoloških vrednosti uz postepeno poboljšanje neurološkog statusa. Deficijencija B12 vitamina je uzrok pancitopenije i neurološke disfuncije kod dece koju je moguće lečiti. Kod odojčeta sa neurološkim simptomima ova deficijencija treba da bude razmotrena kao diferencijalna dijagnoza