The conceptualisation of anger in English and Polish: A comparative study

In the light of contemporary changes which may lead to the unification of several societies in the world, the question about the specificity of various nations' ways of thinking and feeling appears to be highly opportune now. The category of emotions, particularly of anger, which is treated as the basic and universal feeling by some and also as the only specific, Anglo-American emotion by others, has been chosen for this research to be investigated from a linguistic point of view. Two worlds: Slavonic in Polish and Germanic in English, are contrasted in this study. Such sources of information as dictionary descriptions, previous publications by other linguists (e.g. Wierzbicka, Kovecses, Lakoff, Diller) and the most important authentic modern English and Polish texts, which include the names of anger, have been under investigation here. Examination of these sources, mostly detailed in the textual analysis, allows the researcher to indicate one concept, 'anger', in English and two concepts, 'gniew' and 'zlosc', in Polish as the most central in the category under investigation. Semantic analysis of the texts, in which the lexemes dealing with these concepts (and one more peripheral concept, 'wrath') occur, leads to construction of their open explications. Such aspects of an emotional situation as an experiencer of the emotion, its causer, reason, object, evaluation, duration, manifestation and emotional surroundings are characterised here. These characteristics form the basis for a summarising comparison. It shows, firstly, that drawing distinct and sharp semantic boundaries between 'anger' and 'wrath' in English and 'gniew' and 'ziosc' in Polish is extremely difficult, as they overlap with each other in various aspects, and secondly, that full equivalents of the concepts examined do not exist in both languages. However, typical features of particular concepts or, more precisely, of their certain aspects in English and Polish, should be treated as specific marks of the situation typical of each concept being fixed in each language. These marks are recommended to be known to translators, lexicographers and foreign language teachers as being helpful in their "intercultural" work. Moreover, the historical and stylistical changes in the structure of the category examined lead the investigator to an open question about historical and cultural basis of these changes and of the future of the concepts analysed in this study. But this is a question to be answered in detail in another work of interdisciplinary research

Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Ratio of the Water-Insoluble Fraction in Air Filter Particulate Matter

Particulate matter samples were collected during two episodes of thermal inversion (14.01-2.3.2006) and at four different air monitoring stations in Krakow (Agro: urban background site, Indu: industrial site at Nowa Huta, Poly: domestic coal heating district, Traffic: traffic site) and from the Zakopane sub-urban mountain site (Zakopane), dominated by domestic coal heating. The carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of aerosol particles collected in the city of Krakow were measured in 2006 as part of the JRC-IES Krakow project, for which the samples were taken. A total of 42 samples (including 24 source samples) was analysed by Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) for isotopic ratios of N and C. The results for samples from different locations show clear grouping of related samples. The leftover of samples provided within the Krakow project were stored in the refrigerator. After one year of cool storage the EA-IRMS measurement was repeated and water extraction was applied. The aim of this experiment was to get more isotopic data for source apportionment. The results showed that the isotopic values of some source samples obtained in 2007 are different from these measured in 2006. However, these differences were not observed for ambient air samples. The possible explanation could be improper storage condtions causing continued reactions between products adsorbed on the filter during storage in the refrigerator. The water extraction removed water soluble inorganic and organic nitrogen-containing compounds and caused the changes in delta15N vs. Air. In this study it is difficult to make a link between sources and ambient air samples after application of water extraction because of the problem with instability of isotopic compositions of the original sources samples.JRC.D.4-Isotope measurement

Fast-timing measurements in ⁹⁶Pd:improved accuracy for the lifetime of the 4⁺₁ state

Direct lifetime measurements via γ–γ coincidences using the FATIMA fast-timing LaBr3(Ce) array were performed for the excited states below previously reported isomers. In the N = 50 semi-magic 96Pd nucleus, lifetimes below the I π = 8+ seniority isomer were addressed as a benchmark for further analysis. The results for the I π = 2+ and 4 + states confirm the published values. Increased accuracy for the lifetime value was achieved for the 4 + state.peerReviewe

Broken seniority symmetry in the semimagic proton mid-shell nucleus ⁹⁵Rh

Lifetime measurements of low-lying excited states in the semimagic ( N = 50 ) nucleus 95Rh have been performed by means of the fast-timing technique. The experiment was carried out using γ -ray detector arrays consisting of LaBr3(Ce) scintillators and germanium detectors integrated into the DESPEC experimental setup commissioned for the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) Phase-0, Darmstadt, Germany. The excited states in 95Rh were populated primarily via the β decays of 95Pd nuclei, produced in the projectile fragmentation of a 850 MeV/nucleon 124Xe beam impinging on a 4 g / cm2 9Be target. The deduced electromagnetic E2 transition strengths for the γ -ray cascade within the multiplet structure depopulating from the isomeric Iπ = 21 / 2+ state are found to exhibit strong deviations from predictions of standard shell model calculations which feature approximately conserved seniority symmetry. In particular, the observation of a strongly suppressed E2 strength for the 13 / 2+ → 9 / 2+ ground state transition cannot be explained by calculations employing standard interactions. This remarkable result may require revision of the nucleon-nucleon interactions employed in state-of-the-art theoretical model calculations, and might also point to the need for including three-body forces in the Hamiltonian

Use of a Temperature-programmable Injector Coupled to Gas Chromatography-combustion-isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry for Compound-specific Carbon Isotopic Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Compound Specific Isotopic Analysis (CSIA) can provide information about the origin of analyzed compounds for instance polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aerosols. This could be a valuable tool in source apportionment of particulate matter (PM) air pollution. Because gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) analysis requires an amount of at least 10 ng of an individual PAH, a high concentration of PAHs in the injected extract is needed. When the concentration is low a large volume injector creates the possibility of introducing a satisfactory amount of individual PAHs. In this study the temperature programmable injector was coupled to GC-C-IRMS and injection parameters (solvent level, transfer column flow, transfers time) were optimized using six solid aromatic compounds (anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene) dissolved in n-pentane and EPA 610 reference mixture. Solid PAHs CSIA results were compared to results obtained for the single components analysed with elemental analysis - isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The injection method was validated for two sample injection volumes, 50 and 100 µL. This method was also compared with commonly used splitless injection. To be included in the study measurements had to have an uncertainty lower than 0.5 per mille for dVPDB 13C and minimum peak height of 200 mV. The lower concentration limit at which these criteria were fulfilled for PAHs were 30 2ng/µl for 1 µl of splitless injection and 0.3 and 0.2ng/µl for 50 and 100 µl of large volume injection respectively.JRC.D.4-Isotope measurement