Sårbare institusjoner - barnehagestyreres arbeid med å fremme psykisk helse hos barnehagebarn

Psykisk helse er noe vi alle har. Vår evne til å håndtere følelser og tanker, påvirker hvordan vi håndtere livets opp- og nedturer. De nyeste rapportene om unges psykiske helse, viser at flere og flere unge har utfordringer med sin psykiske helse. I tillegg viser nyere rapporter at andelen unge som står utenfor skole og arbeidsliv øker. I rammeplan for barnehagen står det at barnehagen skal være en helsefremmende institusjon, og psykisk helse skal fremmes hos barnehagebarn. Ansvaret for å sørge for at det pedagogiske tilbudet i barnehagen er i samsvar med rammeplan for barnehagen, er plassert hos styrer i barnehagen. I dagens samfunn går nesten alle barn i barnehagen fra de er ca. ett år. Slik sett har barnehagen fått et stort og viktig samfunnsoppdrag, når barnehagen skal fremme psykisk helse hos alle barnehagebarn. Samtidig er det mange rapporter og reportasjer som viser til at kravene til arbeidet i barnehagen, ikke samsvarer med rammene som er gitt barnehagesektoren. Dette kvalitative prosjektet utforsker styrernes opplevelse av arbeidet med å fremme psykisk helse i barnehagen. Prosjektets problemstilling er: «Hvilke erfaringer og refleksjoner har styrere i barnehagen om arbeidet med å fremme psykisk helse hos barnehagebarn?» Sentrale deler av kunnskapsgrunnlaget, som er basert på en induktiv tilnærming, er tilknytningsteori og psykiske helsefremmende faktorer av Bowlby, Brandtzæg et al, Drugli, Holte mfl. I forskningsprosjektet har jeg gjennomført fem kvalitative intervjuer, med tre styrere fra kommunal sektor og to styrere fra privat sektor. Datamaterialet er analysert ved hjelp av en refleksiv tematisk analyse. Funnene viser at det er utfordrende for barnehagestyrerne å sikre at psykisk helse fremmes hos barnehagebarn, fordi tidsressursene til de ansatte til å være nær barna, er knappe. Tiden til å være sammen som personalgruppe som helhet, slik at barnehagestyrerne kan sikre en felles forståelsesramme for det pedagogiske arbeidet, er også liten. For å klare oppdraget med å fremme psykisk helse hos barn, har barnehagen behov for: at de ansatte har tid til nærvær med barna, at de ansatte har personlige egenskaper som bidrar til en trygg og god barnehagehverdag for barna, at de ansatte har kompetanse på hva som fremmer psykisk helse, samt at barnehage-, og arbeidsmiljøet som helhet må være godt. I tillegg trengs det en styrking av styrerrollen. Uten disse faktorene på plass, fremstår barnehagen som en sårbar institusjon, og arbeidet med å fremme psykisk helse hos barn blir utfordrende å få til

Late-Holocene Atlantic bottom-water variability in Igaliku Fjord, South Greenland, reconstructed from foraminiferal faunas

A high-resolution record of late-Holocene subsurface water-mass characteristics in outer Igaliku Fjord, South Greenland, is presented based on benthic foraminifera faunas from core PO 243–451 collected from a water depth of 304 m. Strati” cation with Atlantic water masses present in the lower part of the water-column is suggested to have prevailed during the last 3200 cal. years, except for a period referred to as the‘Mediaeval Warm Period’ (MWP). During the MWP (c. ad 885–1235) the outer part of Igaliku Fjord experienced enhanced vertical mixing and a high hydrodynamic energy level which we ascribe to increasing wind stress through this period, corresponding to the period of the Norse settlement. The transition from the MWP to the‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) shows a two-step pattern with a short climatic amelioration around AD 1520 before maximum cooling occurred. The intensified wind stress and the overall environmental change are suggested to have contributed to the loss of the Norse settlement in Greenland. Periods with strong stratification and marked in uence of Atlantic subsurface water masses around 2.6, 1.3 ka BP and during the LIA are correlated to North Atlantic Holocene ice-rafting events reported by Bond et al. (1997)

Documentation of ethically relevant information in out-of-hospital resuscitation is rare:a Danish nationwide observational study of 16,495 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests

BACKGROUND: Decision-making in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest should ideally include clinical and ethical factors. Little is known about the extent of ethical considerations and their influence on prehospital resuscitation. We aimed to determine the transparency in medical records regarding decision-making in prehospital resuscitation with a specific focus on ethically relevant information and consideration in resuscitation providers’ documentation. METHODS: This was a Danish nationwide retrospective observational study of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests from 2016 through 2018. After an initial screening using broadly defined inclusion criteria, two experienced philosophers performed a qualitative content analysis of the included medical records according to a preliminary codebook. We identified ethically relevant content in free-text fields and categorised the information according to Beauchamp and Childress’ four basic bioethical principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. RESULTS: Of 16,495 medical records, we identified 759 (4.6%) with potentially relevant information; 710 records (4.3%) contained ethically relevant information, whereas 49 did not. In general, the documentation was vague and unclear. We identified four kinds of ethically relevant information: patients’ wishes and perspectives on life; relatives’ wishes and perspectives on patients’ life; healthcare professionals’ opinions and perspectives on resuscitation; and do-not-resuscitate orders. We identified some “best practice” examples that included all perspectives of decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: There is sparse and unclear evidence on ethically relevant information in the medical records documenting resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. However, the “best practice” examples show that providing sufficient documentation of decision-making is, in fact, feasible. To ensure transparency surrounding prehospital decisions in cardiac arrests, we believe that it is necessary to ensure more systematic documentation of decision-making in prehospital resuscitation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12910-021-00654-y

High throughput screening of starch structures using carbohydrate microarrays

In this study we introduce the starch-recognising carbohydrate binding module family 20 (CBM20) from Aspergillus niger for screening biological variations in starch molecular structure using high throughput carbohydrate microarray technology. Defined linear, branched and phosphorylated maltooligosaccharides, pure starch samples including a variety of different structures with variations in the amylopectin branching pattern, amylose content and phosphate content, enzymatically modified starches and glycogen were included. Using this technique, different important structures, including amylose content and branching degrees could be differentiated in a high throughput fashion. The screening method was validated using transgenic barley grain analysed during development and subjected to germination. Typically, extreme branching or linearity were detected less than normal starch structures. The method offers the potential for rapidly analysing resistant and slowly digested dietary starches

Optimization and evaluation of a live virus SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assay

Virus neutralization assays provide a means to quantitate functional antibody responses that block virus infection. These assays are instrumental in defining vaccine and therapeutic antibody potency, immune evasion by viral variants, and post-infection immunity. Here we describe the development, optimization and evaluation of a live virus microneutralization assay specific for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this assay, SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates are pre-incubated with serial diluted antibody and added to Vero E6 cells. Replicating virus is quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and the standardized 50% virus inhibition titer calculated. We evaluated critical test parameters that include virus titration, assay linearity, number of cells, viral dose, incubation period post-inoculation, and normalization methods. Virus titration at 96 hours was determined optimal to account for different growth kinetics of clinical isolates. Nucleocapsid protein levels directly correlated with virus inoculum, with the strongest correlation at 24 hours post-inoculation. Variance was minimized by infecting a cell monolayer, rather than a cell suspension. Neutralization titers modestly decreased with increasing numbers of Vero E6 cells and virus amount. Application of two different normalization models effectively reduced the intermediate precision coefficient of variance to <16.5%. The SARS-CoV-2 microneutralization assay described and evaluated here is based on the influenza virus microneutralization assay described by WHO, and are proposed as a standard assay for comparing neutralization investigations