INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE PROCESS OF FREEZING ON MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF SAFETY OF FROZEN SEMI-PRODUCT FOR COOKING DRINK SMOOTHIE

A semi-product for cooking a smoothie drink was chosen as a subject of the study. It included strawberries, dried apples and oat flocks. A sample was frozen in a low-temperature calorimeter to –20 °С. It was established, that freezing at–20±2 °С favors the full conservation of a sample and storage during 270 days. The results of the organoleptic evaluation of the semi-product before freezing and after refrigeratory storage during 270 demonstrated that the product is characterized by a high quality. Microbiological parameters of the fresh and frozen semi-product were studied for a quantity of mesophilic aerobic and facultative-anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFMAnM). And also for bacteria of the colibacillus group (BGCB), pathogenic microorganisms of bacteria of Salmonella genus, molds and yeast. The gram-negative microflora – bacteria of the colibacillus group, pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria of Salmonella genus, were not observed in samples of frozen semi-products. The studies demonstrated freezing advantages from both aspects of minimization of losses of valuable biocomponents of the raw material and of achieving high organoleptic parameters of products after freezing and defrosting. The observance of optimal conditions of freezing excludes the necessity of the additional use of artificial preservatives, provides high-quality products and safety that corresponds to all principles of healthy nutrition

nNOS regulates ciliated cell polarity, ciliary beat frequency, and directional flow in mouse trachea.

Clearance of the airway is dependent on directional mucus flow across the mucociliary epithelium, and deficient flow is implicated in a range of human disorders. Efficient flow relies on proper polarization of the multiciliated cells and sufficient ciliary beat frequency. We show that NO, produced by nNOS in the multiciliated cells of the mouse trachea, controls both the planar polarity and the ciliary beat frequency and is thereby necessary for the generation of the robust flow. The effect of nNOS on the polarity of ciliated cells relies on its interactions with the apical networks of actin and microtubules and involves RhoA activation. The action of nNOS on the beat frequency is mediated by guanylate cyclase; both NO donors and cGMP can augment fluid flow in the trachea and rescue the deficient flow in nNOS mutants. Our results link insufficient availability of NO in ciliated cells to defects in flow and ciliary activity and may thereby explain the low levels of exhaled NO in ciliopathies

Seasonal hydrological and hydrochemical surveys in the Voevoda Bay (Amur Bay, Japan Sea)

Hydrological and hydrochemical surveys were conducted in the Voevoda Bay in May, August, and October, 2011 and February, 2012, in total 140 stations. Free water exchange of the bay with the Amur Bay is observed, with exception of its inner bights Kruglaya and Melkovodnaya. The water exchange is maintained by anticyclonic circulation with the inflow along the southern coast and outflow along the northern coast of the Voyevoda Bay. However, the opposite cyclonic circulation is observed in the Melkovodanaya Bight because of its coastal line patterns and fresh water discharge by the river. Dissolved oxygen content and partial pressure of CO2 in the bay waters are determined mostly by intensive processes of production and destruction of organic matter. There are three main groups of primary producers there, as diatom algae, sea grass Zostera marina , and periphyton. Specific chemical regime is formed in the Melkovodnaya Bight, in particular in winter when primary production depends on the ice cover and is driven by variations of photosynthetically active radiation passed through the ice. Seasonal variability of production-destruction processes intensity is discussed on the data of chemical parameters changes

Кріоскопічні та мікробіологічні дослідження напівфабрикату для приготування напою смузі

The dynamics of freezing a semi-finished product for making a smoothie drink was investigated. We have chosen, as the subject of present study, a semi-finished product whose production technology included strawberry, dried apple, and oat flakes.By using a low temperature calorimeter, crystallization ranges for the examined semi-finished product, as well as the amount of frozen moisture, which was 68.6 %, were identified. It is established that freezing at −20±2 °C contributes to the complete preservation of the sample, and its further storing at the temperature within such limits ensures its storage over a long period of time. It was also experimentally established that the curves of freezing and defrosting of the sample do not coincide, that is, the character of temperature dependence during freezing and defrosting is different. This testifies to the irreversibility of plant tissue during ice formation and thawing.A reduction in the total microbial contamination over a long refrigeration storing is established, which indicates a negative effect of cold on the viability of microorganisms. The amount of mesophilic-aerobic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms in 30, 60, 90, 180, and 270 days of refrigeration at −18±2 °C is significantly reduced compared to freshly prepared. The amount of yeast and mild fungi also decreases during storage. It is important to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards during production, packaging, storing, and selling, since the complete extinction of the microflora does not occur.The development and active introduction of effective freezing technologies, low temperature storage, and processing of fruits and berries would contribute to solving a task on the balanced nutrition of people, reducing the level of diseases, improving quality of life. In addition, the introduction of such technologies would significantly enlarge the base of local processing industry whose development, in turn, would contribute to the development of agricultural production in a given region.The data obtained data could be applied to determine the rational freezing and defrosting modes for a semi-finished product and would make it possible to extend the assortment of frozen products.Изучена динамика замораживания полуфабриката для приготовления напитка смузи. С помощью низкотемпературного калориметра установлены диапазоны кристаллизации и количество вымороженной влаги исследуемого полуфабриката. Приведены результаты микробиологических исследований, выявлено количественное изменение микрофлоры в процессе низкотемпературного хранения. Полученные данные могут быть использованы для определения рациональных режимов замораживания и размораживания полуфабриката и дадут возможность расширить ассортимент замороженной продукцииВивчено динаміку заморожування напівфабрикату для приготування напою смузі. За допомогою низькотемпературного калориметру встановлені діапазони кристалізації та кількість вимороженої вологи досліджуваного напівфабрикату. Наведено результати мікробіологічних досліджень, встановлено кількісну зміну мікрофлори у процесі низькотемпературного зберігання. Отримані дані можуть бути використані для визначення раціональних режимів заморожування та розморожування напівфабрикату і дадуть можливість розширити асортимент замороженої продукці

Cryoscopic and microbiological study of the semi­finished product for making a smoothie drink

The dynamics of freezing a semi-finished product for making a smoothie drink was investigated. We have chosen, as the subject of present study, a semi-finished product whose production technology included strawberry, dried apple, and oat flakes.By using a low temperature calorimeter, crystallization ranges for the examined semi-finished product, as well as the amount of frozen moisture, which was 68.6 %, were identified. It is established that freezing at −20±2 °C contributes to the complete preservation of the sample, and its further storing at the temperature within such limits ensures its storage over a long period of time. It was also experimentally established that the curves of freezing and defrosting of the sample do not coincide, that is, the character of temperature dependence during freezing and defrosting is different. This testifies to the irreversibility of plant tissue during ice formation and thawing.A reduction in the total microbial contamination over a long refrigeration storing is established, which indicates a negative effect of cold on the viability of microorganisms. The amount of mesophilic-aerobic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms in 30, 60, 90, 180, and 270 days of refrigeration at −18±2 °C is significantly reduced compared to freshly prepared. The amount of yeast and mild fungi also decreases during storage. It is important to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards during production, packaging, storing, and selling, since the complete extinction of the microflora does not occur.The development and active introduction of effective freezing technologies, low temperature storage, and processing of fruits and berries would contribute to solving a task on the balanced nutrition of people, reducing the level of diseases, improving quality of life. In addition, the introduction of such technologies would significantly enlarge the base of local processing industry whose development, in turn, would contribute to the development of agricultural production in a given region.The data obtained data could be applied to determine the rational freezing and defrosting modes for a semi-finished product and would make it possible to extend the assortment of frozen products.Изучена динамика замораживания полуфабриката для приготовления напитка смузи. С помощью низкотемпературного калориметра установлены диапазоны кристаллизации и количество вымороженной влаги исследуемого полуфабриката. Приведены результаты микробиологических исследований, выявлено количественное изменение микрофлоры в процессе низкотемпературного хранения. Полученные данные могут быть использованы для определения рациональных режимов замораживания и размораживания полуфабриката и дадут возможность расширить ассортимент замороженной продукцииВивчено динаміку заморожування напівфабрикату для приготування напою смузі. За допомогою низькотемпературного калориметру встановлені діапазони кристалізації та кількість вимороженої вологи досліджуваного напівфабрикату. Наведено результати мікробіологічних досліджень, встановлено кількісну зміну мікрофлори у процесі низькотемпературного зберігання. Отримані дані можуть бути використані для визначення раціональних режимів заморожування та розморожування напівфабрикату і дадуть можливість розширити асортимент замороженої продукці

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE PROCESS OF FREEZING ON MICROBIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF SAFETY OF FROZEN SEMI-PRODUCT FOR COOKING DRINK SMOOTHIE

A semi-product for cooking a smoothie drink was chosen as a subject of the study. It included strawberries, dried apples and oat flocks. A sample was frozen in a low-temperature calorimeter to –20 °С. It was established, that freezing at–20±2 °С favors the full conservation of a sample and storage during 270 days. The results of the organoleptic evaluation of the semi-product before freezing and after refrigeratory storage during 270 demonstrated that the product is characterized by a high quality.Microbiological parameters of the fresh and frozen semi-product were studied for a quantity of mesophilic aerobic and facultative-anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFMAnM). And also for bacteria of the colibacillus group (BGCB), pathogenic microorganisms of bacteria of Salmonella genus, molds and yeast. The gram-negative microflora – bacteria of the colibacillus group, pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria of Salmonella genus, were not observed in samples of frozen semi-products.The studies demonstrated freezing advantages from both aspects of minimization of losses of valuable biocomponents of the raw material and of achieving high organoleptic parameters of products after freezing and defrosting. The observance of optimal conditions of freezing excludes the necessity of the additional use of artificial preservatives, provides high-quality products and safety that corresponds to all principles of healthy nutrition

Cryoscopic and Microbiological Study of the Semi­finished Product for Making a Smoothie Drink

The dynamics of freezing a semi-finished product for making a smoothie drink was investigated. We have chosen, as the subject of present study, a semi-finished product whose production technology included strawberry, dried apple, and oat flakes.By using a low temperature calorimeter, crystallization ranges for the examined semi-finished product, as well as the amount of frozen moisture, which was 68.6 %, were identified. It is established that freezing at −20±2 °C contributes to the complete preservation of the sample, and its further storing at the temperature within such limits ensures its storage over a long period of time. It was also experimentally established that the curves of freezing and defrosting of the sample do not coincide, that is, the character of temperature dependence during freezing and defrosting is different. This testifies to the irreversibility of plant tissue during ice formation and thawing.A reduction in the total microbial contamination over a long refrigeration storing is established, which indicates a negative effect of cold on the viability of microorganisms. The amount of mesophilic-aerobic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms in 30, 60, 90, 180, and 270 days of refrigeration at −18±2 °C is significantly reduced compared to freshly prepared. The amount of yeast and mild fungi also decreases during storage. It is important to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards during production, packaging, storing, and selling, since the complete extinction of the microflora does not occur.The development and active introduction of effective freezing technologies, low temperature storage, and processing of fruits and berries would contribute to solving a task on the balanced nutrition of people, reducing the level of diseases, improving quality of life. In addition, the introduction of such technologies would significantly enlarge the base of local processing industry whose development, in turn, would contribute to the development of agricultural production in a given region.The data obtained data could be applied to determine the rational freezing and defrosting modes for a semi-finished product and would make it possible to extend the assortment of frozen products

Sr and Nd isotopes in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts from the North Pacific

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью познания фундаментальной научной проблемы - железомарганцевый рудогенез Мирового океана. Помимо перспективного минерального сырья, морские железомарганцевые образования являются регистраторами условий седиментации в прошлом. Их формирование осуществляется при различных процессах, которые отражены в вещественном и изотопном составе. В настоящее время наименее изученным регионом Тихого океана является его северный сегмент. Цель: изучить изотопный состав Sr и Nd железомарганцевых корок северной Пацифики, формирующихся в условиях низкого терригенного потока. Методы: литолого-морфогенетический; рентгеноструктурный - определение минерального состава; масс- спектрометрический - определение химического и изотопного состава. Результаты. Исследованы железомарганцевые образования гайотов северной части Императорского хребта (Детройт, Сьюзей, Ханзей) и разломных зон Амлия, Рат и Стейлмейт, а также гайота Вулканолог (Магеллановы горы) в качестве сравнительного материала. На основании текстурно-структурных и минералого-геохимических особенностей изученные железомарганцевые образования отнесены к гидрогенным железомарганцевым коркам. Изотопный состав стронция изученных образцов находится в интервале от 0,70797 до 0,70919 (среднее 0,70885). При этом содержание стронция изменяется почти в три раза - от 660 до 1700 г/т. Зависимости изотопного состава от концентрации Sr не отмечается. Смещение величины отношения 87Sr/86Sr происходит к его значениям, характерным для вулканических пород, что является отражением высокого количества кварц-плагиоклазовой примеси в образце. Изотопный состав неодима в пересчете на εNd варьирует в интервале от -3,5 до -3,0, что соответствует современному значению глубинной воды северной Пацифики. Повышение значения εNd до -2,3 соответствует пробе с максимальной аллотигенной примесью. Минимальное значение величины εNd (-4,4) установлено в подошвенном слое железомарганцевой корки гайота Ханзей. Такое значение соответствует миоценовой глубинной воде северной Пацифики. Это является основанием полагать, что в миоцене на формирование вещественного состава железомарганцевых корок северной Пацифики оказывали влияние глубинные атлантические воды, поступающие через Панамский пролив. Прекращение их поставки в Тихий океан произошло, вероятно, пять млн лет назад.The relevance of the study is caused by the need to get knowledge of the fundamental scientific problem - the ferromanganese precipitation of the World Ocean. Marine ferromanganese deposits are records of sedimentation conditions in the past as well as promising mineral raw materials. Their formation is carried out under various processes, which are reflected in the bulk and isotopic composition of ferromanganese deposits. Currently, the least studied region of the Pacific Ocean is its northern segment. The main aim of the research is to study Sr and Nd isotopic composition of the ferromanganese crusts from the Norther Pacific, formed under low detrital influx. Methods: litho-morphology; x-ray diffraction - determination of the mineral composition; mass spectrometric - determination of the chemical and isotopic composition. Results. Ferromanganese deposits of the guyots of the northern part of the Imperial Range (Detroit, Suzei, Hanzei) and the Amliya, Rat and Stailmate fracture zones, as well as the Vulkanolog Guyot (Magellan Seamounts), as a comparative material, were studied. Based on the mineralogical and geochemical bulk compositions, the studied ferromanganese deposits are classified as hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts. The strontium isotopic composition of the studied samples is in the range from 0,70797 to 0,70919 (average 0,70885), with most of the samples concentrated at 0,709. At the same time, the content of strontium changes almost three times from 660 to 1700 ppm. The dependence of the isotopic composition on the concentration is not observed. The displacement of 87Sr/86Sr occurs towards volcanic rocks, which reflects the high amount of quartz-plagioclase admixture in the sample. The isotopic composition of neodymium, in terms of εNd, varies in the range from -3,5 to -3,0, which corresponds to the modern deep seawater of the North Pacific. An increase in εNd to -2,3 corresponds to a sample with the maximum terrigenous admixture. The minimum value of εNd (-4,4) was found in the bottom layer of the ferromanganese crust from the Hanzei Guyot. This value corresponds to the Miocene North Pacific Deep water. This is a reason to believe that in the Miocene the formation of the bulk composition of the North Pacific ferromanganese crusts was under North Atlantic Deep Waters entering through the Panama Gateway. The end of North Atlantic Deep Waters delivery to the Pacific was finished about five million years ago

Extraction-atomic-absorption determination of gold in marine ferromanganese formations after its concentration with dibutyl sulphide in toluene

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью наработки методических решений по количественному определению содержания золота в железомарганцевых образованиях и других геологических объектах в связи с существующими здесь химико-аналитическими трудностями и недостаточным количеством стандартных образцов состава железомарганцевых образований с надежно аттестованным содержанием в них золота. Цель: проверка применимости методики экстракции золота с использованием нефтесульфидов (дибутилсульфида в толуоле) к определению золота в железомарганцевых образованиях с электротермическим атомно-абсорбционным окончанием, наряду с методикой извлечения золота его соосаждением с теллуром. Объекты: пробы железомарганцевых образований из различных районов северной части Тихого океана, а также российский стандартный образец состава с аттестованным содержанием золота ООПЕ 603 (СДО-6) и стандарт Геологической службы США NOD-A-1. Методы. Проведено концентрирование золота при его определении в железомарганцевых образованиях по методикам экстракции дибутилсульфидом в толуоле и соосаждением с теллуром и электротермическим атомно-абсорбционным анализом. Обработка полученных результатов проведена с применением методов математической статистики. Результаты. Методика экстракции золота с дибутилсульфидом в толуоле показала свое преимущество для целей анализа железомарганцевых образований, по сравнению с процедурой соосаждения с теллуром, в связи с ее высокой селективностью, позволяющей избавляться от влияния матричных компонентов, в первую очередь железа, формирующего мешающее наложение спектральных линий при атомно-абсорбционном определении золота. Методика экстракции золота с дибутилсульфидом была апробирована для анализа образцов железомарганцевых образований из различных районов северной части Тихого океана, а также стандартных образцов состава железомарганцевых образований - российском ООПЕ 603 (СДО-6) и американском стандарте NOD-A-1. Использование воздушносухой навески 2 г образца дало удовлетворительный результат при анализе стандартного образца СДО-6 с аттестованным содержанием золота 10±6 нг/г, но не позволило успешно проанализировать образец NOD-A-1, для которого были получены невоспроизводимые результаты. В этой связи для определения в данном стандарте золота рекомендуется использование еще больших навесок. Атомно-абсорбционное определение золота в изученных образцах железомарганцевых образований по предлагаемой методике показало результаты, отвечающие требованиям геохимического анализа, в том числе и по сравнению с ИСП-МС методом. Однако проведенное ранее электронно-микроскопическое исследование железомарганцевых корок северо-западной части Тихого океана выявило присутствие в них частиц самородного золота, что может, в свою очередь, вызывать методические сложности в процессе отбора представительной пробы и в процедуре подготовки образцов железомарганцевых образований к анализу.The relevance of the study is caused by the need to develop methodological solutions for the quantitative determination of gold content in ferromanganese formations and other geological objects due to the chemical and analytical difficulties that exist here and the insufficient number of certified reference materials of ferromanganese formations with a reliably certified gold content in them. The main aim is verification of the applicability of the gold extraction technique using petroleum sulfides (dibutyl sulfide in toluene) f or determining gold in ferromanganese formations with electrothermal atomic absorption termination, along with the gold extraction method by its co-precipitation with tellurium. Objects: samples of ferromanganese formations from various regions of the North Pacific Ocean, as well as the Russian certified reference materials with a certified gold content OOPE 603 (SDO-6) and the USGS standard NOD-A-1. Methods. Gold was concentrated during its determination in ferromanganese formations by the methods of extraction with dibutyl sulfide in toluene and co-precipitation with tellurium and electrothermal atomic absorption analysis. Processing of the obtained results was carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics. Results. The method of gold extraction with dibutyl sulfide in toluene has shown its advantage for the purposes of analysis of ferroma nganese formations in comparison with the procedure of co-precipitation with tellurium, due to its high selectivity, which makes it possible to get rid of the influence of matrix components, primarily iron, which forms an interfering superposition of spectral lines during atomic absorption determination of gold. The technique of gold extraction with dibutyl sulfide was tested for the analysis of ferromanganese formations samples from various regions of the North Pacific Ocean, as well as for the analysis of ferromanganese formations samples - the Russian OOPE 603 (SDO-6) and the American standard NOD-A-1. The use of an air-dry sample of 2 g of the sample gave a satisfactory result in the analysis of the standard sample SDO-6, with a certified gold content of 10±6 ng/g, but did not allow successful analysis of the NOD-A-1 sample, for which irreproducible results were obtained. In this regard, the use of even larger weights is recommended for defining gold in this standard. Atomic absorption determination of gold in the studied ferromanganese formations samples using the proposed method gave results that meet the requirements of geochemical analysis, including in comparison with the ICP-MS method. However, an earlier electron microscopic study of ferromanganese crusts in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean showed the presence of native gold particles in them, which, in its turn, can cause methodological difficulties in the process of taking a representative sample and d the procedure for preparing ferromanganese formations samples for analysis

Production patterns in the estuary of the Razdolnaya River in period of freezing

Light conditions and nutrients supply, as factors of primary production, are considered for the Razdolnaya River estuary in period of freezing (January-March). Water samples were collected at the water surface and at the bottom for measuring of salinity and concentrations of chlorophyll (Chl), phosphate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, and silicate. Profiles of water temperature, conductivity, Chl fluorescence, and turbidity were measured in situ by CTD-probe RBR XR-620; besides, vertical attenuation of PAR was measured at each station. The internal estuary (salinity 5 FTU) and high concentration of humine substances (up to 2 mgC/l) in the river waters. The ice cover lowered light intensity in the river water, too. In the zone close to the river bar with salinity 1-25 ‰, Chl concentration was 0.4-1.7 mg/m3 irrespective of salinity. DIN (dissolved inorganic nitrogen) and DISi (dissolved inorganic silicon) had conservative behaviour in this zone, the DISi : DIN ratio was ≈ 0.7-1.1.These features indicate an absence of significant production or destruction of organic matter in the internal estuary. However, intensive removal of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) (up to 80 %) was observed in this zone, that’s why the extraordinary high DIN : DIP ratio was observed under salinity 5-20 ‰ (up to 200 : 1, though the usual DIN : DIP ratio in the river water is close to Redfild ratio: DIN : DIP = (21-27) : 1). In the external estuary (salinity15-32 ‰), the water became more transparent ( kd = 0.5-0.3 m-1; zeu ≈ 9-15 m) and both chlorophyll concentration and dissolved oxygen content became higher (Chl up to 20 mg/m3, DO up to 500 mM/kg) as the result of high primary production, whereas nutrients concentrations became lower: DIP were completely removed and DIN and DISi retained 10-25 % of their initial values in the river water. The primary production value was evaluated by two ways: on the data of light intensity and on the data of nutrients removal. The light conditions in the internal estuary in February-March corresponded to the value 20-80 mgC/m2d which declines in 6-13 times and 50-100 times (close to zero) under the ice and under the ice with snow, respectively. In the external estuary, the light conditions in March corresponded to the value 300-600 mgC/m2d in the areas without ice and to the value lower in 6-13 times under the ice. The nutrients removal corresponded to the primary production value ≈ 200-400 mgC/m2d in the external estuary, irrespective of ice cover, that is close to the previous estimation by light conditions. So, the primary production in the Razdolnaya River estuary changes in winter in the range from 0 to 500 mgC/m2d, increasing seaward, the ice and snow are the factors of its limitation by light