Antibiotic Resistance of Uropathogenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections at the Urological Inpatient Facility of the Saratov Clinical Hospital

The aim of the work was to study the profile of antibiotic resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in the urological inpatient facility of the clinical hospital in the Saratov city, depending on appurtenance to phylogenetic groups and subgroups, as well as O-serogroups.Materials and methods. We assessed sensitivity/resistance to 25 different antibacterial drugs in 102 strains of uropathogenic E. coli. The studies were carried out using the disk diffusion method. The production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases was evaluated by the double disk method. Carbapenemase output was determined using the CIM test. The PCR method was applied to determine appurtenance to phylogenetic groups and subgroups, O-serogroups, as well as the frequency of occurrence of the mcr‑1, mcr‑2, mcr‑3, mcr‑4, mcr‑5 genes encoding the proteins that mediate the development of resistance to colistin.Results and discussion. It has been established that all strains of uropathogenic E. coli are more or less resistant to antibacterial drugs. All studied 102 strains showed resistance to 23 antibacterial drugs from 8 functional groups. The resistance of uropathogenic E. coli had certain differences depending on belonging to phylogenetic groups and subgroups, O-serogroups. Strains of uropathogenic E. coli with high resistance (up to 100 %) belonged to the B23 phylogenetic group, the main representatives of which are cultures of the most common O-25 serogroup. The production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases has been phenotypically confirmed for 69 (67.6 %) strains. No carbapenemaseproducing cultures were found in the study. The mcr‑1 and mcr‑2 genes encoding resistance to colistin have been identified in 3 uropathogenic E. coli strains (2.9 %)

Sex differences in the impact of ozone on survival and alveolar macrophage function of mice after Klebsiella pneumoniae infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sex differences have been described in a number of pulmonary diseases. However, the impact of ozone exposure followed by pneumonia infection on sex-related survival and macrophage function have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ozone exposure differentially affects: 1) survival of male and female mice infected with <it>Klebsiella pneumoniae</it>, and 2) the phagocytic ability of macrophages from these mice.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to O₃or to filtered air (FA) (control) and then infected intratracheally with <it>K. pneumoniae </it>bacteria. Survival was monitored over a 14-day period, and the ability of alveolar macrophages to phagocytize the pathogen <it>in vivo </it>was investigated after 1 h.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>1) Both male and female mice exposed to O₃are significantly more susceptible to <it>K. pneumoniae </it>infection than mice treated with FA; 2) although females appeared to be more resistant to <it>K. pneumoniae </it>than males, O₃exposure significantly increased the susceptibility of females to <it>K. pneumoniae </it>infection to a greater degree than males; 3) alveolar macrophages from O₃-exposed male and female mice have impaired phagocytic ability compared to macrophages from FA-exposed mice; and 4) the O₃-dependent reduction in phagocytic ability is greater in female mice.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>O₃exposure reduces the ability of mice to survive <it>K. pneumoniae </it>infection and the reduced phagocytic ability of alveolar macrophages may be one of the contributing factors. Both events are significantly more pronounced in female mice following exposure to the environmental pollutant, ozone.</p

Неоперабельный гепатоцеллюлярный рак — перспективы лекарственной терапии ленватинибом

There is a number of unresolved issues regarding the systemic therapy administration for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Their solution is facilitated by accumulating real‑world study results. Lenvatinib therapy is a recognized drug with a good efficacy and safety profile for the treatment of HCC. Subanalyses of the REFLECT study showed that the absence of stratification by baseline AFP and baseline liver function, as well as the lack of options for subsequent drug therapy after lenvatinib, also affects the outcomes. Once these factors are taken into account, the hypothesis of superiority of lenvatinib to sorafenib and other drugs can be tested. Real‑world clinical studies have demonstrated positive results of lenvatinib therapy in patients with Child‑Pugh class B liver function, provided recommendations on the sequence of systemic therapy after lenvatinib and on the use of lenvatinib in patients with BCLC stage B, along with considering the possibility of lenvatinib monotherapy and the prospects for its use in patients with nHCC. Further real‑world studies of lenvatinib for HCC in the Russian population are required.В подходах к назначению лекарственной терапии гепатоцеллюлярного рака (ГЦР) есть ряд еще нерешенных вопросов. Их решению способствует накопление результатов исследований в реальной клинической практике. Методом медикаментозной терапии ГЦР с хорошим профилем эффективности и безопасности признана терапия ленватинибом. В субанализах исследования REFLECT показано, что отсутствие стратификации по исходному уровню альфа-фетопротеина и оценке исходной функции печени, а также дефицит опций последующей после назначения ленватиниба медикаментозной терапии оказывают влияние на результаты. Учет этих факторов даст возможность проверить гипотезу превосходства терапии ленватинибом в сравнении с сорафенибом и другими препаратами. В исследованиях реальной клинической практики продемонстрированы положительные результаты применения ленватиниба у пациентов с нарушением функции печени класса B по шкале Чайлд-Пью, даны рекомендации по последовательности системной терапии после ленватиниба, применению ленватиниба у пациентов стадии BCLC B, а также рассмотрены возможности монотерапии ленватинибом и перспективы его применения у пациентов с нГЦК. Необходимы дальнейшие исследования ленватиниба при ГЦР в реальной клинической практике на российской популяции

Determination of the diffusion coefficient of methylene blue solutions in dentin of a human tooth using reflectance spectroscopy and their antibacterial activity during laser exposure

This study is devoted to the determination of the diffusion coefficients of methylene blue in an aqueous solution and in a micellar solution of the cationic surfactant in dentin sections of a human tooth in vitro using a method of diffuse reflectance optical spectroscopy and a model of free diffusion. The average diffusion coefficient was (6.74 ± 1.32) × 10−6 cm2/s for an aqueous solution of methylene blue and (1.93 ± 0.24) × 10−6 cm2/s for a micellar solution of the dye. The toxicity of methylene blue solutions in water and in a solution of cetylpyridinium chloride in daylight in the absence of laser radiation on the cells of Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus FDA 209P, and Lactobacillus, as well as the photodynamic effect of laser radiation (662 nm) on them, were studied. The photodynamic action of laser radiation was shown to have a pronounced suppressive effect on all the studied microbial strains

Virulence Factors and Phylogenetic Characteristics of Uropathogenic <i>Eschericihia coli</i> Strains Isolated in Saratov

Objective of this study was the molecular genetic characteristics of uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, isolated from urine of patients with urinary tract infections in Saratov City, in order to determine the phylogenetic groups and subgroups to which the strains belong, and to identify the genetic markers associated with virulence. Materials and methods. Molecular genetic characteristics of 102 strains of uropathogenic E. coli which were isolated from urine of patients with urinary tract infections, was performed. PCR was used to determine the frequency of oc-currence of genes (fimH, pap, sfa, afa, iha, irp2, iuc, iroN, hlyA, vat, usp, set-1, kpsMT, iss, cva, ompT) associated with factors of adhesion, iron intake, toxigenicity, resistance to action of serum (complement) and persistence, as well as belonging of studied strains to the specific phylogenetic groups and subgroups (by amplification of genes chuA,yjaA and TspE4.C2). Results and discussion. It was revealed that E. coli strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in Saratov city belonged to different phylogenetic groups and subgroups (A1, B1, B23, D3 и D2) and differed in their set of genes, which encode the basic virulence factors. At the same time, detection of uropathogenic E. coli which belong to the B23 subgroup was the most frequent. Moreover, the strains of this phylogenetic subgroup differed from others in the largest set of genes which encode virulence factors of the etiological agent. In all studied strains of uropathogenic E. coli which belong to different phylogenetic groups and subgroups the presence of genes responsible for the synthesis of siderophores (irp2, iuc, iroN), resistance and persistency (ompT) and adhesion factors (fimH, iha) was revealed. Therefore, strains of uropathogenic E. coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in Saratov city belong to different phylogenetic groups and subgroups and have a different set of genetic markers of virulence that can affect the degree of pathogenicity of the etiological agent, and the course of the disease