Relationship between the body condition and the appearance parameters of Holstein-Friesian cows

The body condition has been part of the livestock judgment in Hungary since 2007. This date can be called relatively late, because in Ireland and Britain body condition scoring has been part of the conformation judging system of Holstein-Friesian cows since 1996. In our study we analysed the mean of linear characteristics within lactations, and compared the results to the ideal values of each characteristic. We also analysed the correlation between body condition and linear type traits. The results of the relationship between the body condition and the linear descriptive characteristics in case of body measurement are weak (r=0.09), or medium (r=0.29) and except for the angularity (between r=-0.39 and r=-0.50) they are positive. When analysing the main functional areas, we also compared the difference among the scores of the lactations. We investigated the relationship between the body condition and the main functional types. Overall we founded that the increase in the number of lactations as well as the improving body condition had a positive effect on the body score. When investigating the relationship between the body condition and the dairy strength a negative correlation was found between these two attributes

Relationship between the body condition and the main judgement characteristics of Holstein-Friesian cows

The objectives of this study were to estimate correlation between body condition score (BCS) and 5 main conformation parameters in Holstein cattle. The dataset consisted of 861 first-, 964 second-, and 634 third lactation cows. During the analysis of final class the details of the cows were grouped according to the BCS at classification (2-3 point, 4 point, 5 point, 6-8 point). The results of these groups were compared to the results within the number of lactations. The correlation examinations were also analysed within the lactation groups. The data were analyzed by the method of variance. The relationship between variables was examined with correlation analysis tests (Pearson's correlation coefficient). The values of the body score changed between 77.58 and 84.23., correlation ranged from 0.06 (third lactation) to 0.20 (first lactation). The correlation analysis confirmed a positive, medium tightness in the relationship between the body condition and the legs, (between r=0.19 and r=0.31) within the lactation groups. When investigating the relationship between the body condition and the dairy strength. We found a negative correlation between these two characteristics. The correlation analysis confirmed only a loose correlation (r=0.03 and r=0.13 between the udder score and the body condition. When examining the final class it was again the scores of the cows with the weakest condition that were the lowest. These results show that classification should be made later, probably in the 5th or 6th month of the lactation

Translational aspects of the microbiome-to be exploited

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Heat stress of cattle from embryonic phase until culling

Heat stress becomes a serious problem in the livestock sector as it affects cows' performance negatively. The objective of this paper review is to investigate the effects of heat stress during the different phases of the life cycle of cows; embryos, calves, heifers, and cows. Heat stress during early maternal gestation affects the ability of embryos to develop increasing the risk of abortion and early embryonic death. Heat stress during late maternal gestation affects the performance of calves and heifers later in their life, as it reduces growth performance, conducts physiological changes, impaired immunity, changes the behavior, and reduces the length and intensity of the estrus in heifers with decreasing in milk production in the first lactation. On the level of cows, milk quality and production, meat quality, and the final body weight decrease under hot temperatures. Heat stress decreases the conception rate, alters follicle growth, and estrous symptoms. Hormones secretion and physiological changes because of the heat stress conduct to impair the immunity system, and in oxidative stress and death in some cases. Same as for calves and heifers a change in the behavior of cows was detected in order to decrease their temperature

Sustainable Water Use Considering Three Hungarian Dairy Farms

Sustainable water management is one of the biggest challenges in the 21st century as availability of fresh water resources is under depletion. Growing population, extreme weather conditions (drought, fire, flood), and increasing global food demand all result in higher water consumption by humans. Assessing qualitative and quantitative deterioration of fresh water supplies is crucial in water scarcity areas. By identifying blue, green and grey water components, water use can be assessed in a more comprehensive way. Water use assessment on a dairy farm is influenced by several factors such as chosen breed, herd size, keeping, feeding and milking technology. Productivity level of milking cows, amount of daily milking and type of litter (straw or liquid manure) have impact on water use by technology and cattle. If these factors are assessed and their proportion within the total water use is identified or calculated, dairy farmers are able to analyze water management precisely and shift to more sustainable solutions. The aim of this research is to analyze and to compare the impact of different keeping systems, i.e., traditional and modern, and milking technologies, i.e., robotic milking system, parallel and polygon parlors, on the water use of dairy farms to give a guide to dairy experts and to find opportunities where water recycling/reuse might be applicable

A mikrobiom és a rák

Az emberi szervezet legtöbb szerve és kompartmentje nem steril, ezekben új generációs szekvenálási eljárásokkal bakteriális DNS vagy RNS mutatható ki. Az egy adott kompartmentben kimutatható baktérium örökítőanyag összességét metagenomnak, a transzkriptek összességét meta- transzkriptomnak, a baktériumok összességét pedig mikrobiomnak nevezzük. A mikrobiom összetétele megváltozik neoplasztikus betegségekben, amit onkobiózisnak nevezünk, az így kialakult fajösszetételt pedig onkobiomnak. A daganatok jelentős része kolonizálódik, és a daganatokban található baktériumok elősegítik a daganat növekedését, illetve fejlődését. A daganattól távoli kompartmentek (például bél) is áteshetnek onkobiotikus transzformáción. A bélmikrobiom onkobiotikus transzformációja során csökken a bélmikrobiom metabolikus kapacitása és több citosztatikus bakteriális metabolit szintézise lecsökken, ami a daganatsejtek proliferációjához és a metasztázisok képződéséhez vezet. A bélmikrobiom immunológiai tulajdonságai alapvetően meghatározzák azt, hogy az immunrendszer mennyiben tolerogén a daganatsejtekkel szemben, így elsődleges a daganatimmunitás szempontjából. Az onkobiózis önmagában nem indukál daganatokat, azonban elősegítheti növekedésüket és metasztázisképző képességüket. A baktériumoknak fontos szerepe van az antineoplasztikus terápia sikerességében, illetve a mellékhatások kialakításában