Urinary Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Levels and Interstitial Changes in the Renal Cortex and Their Relationship with Loss of Renal Function in Renal Transplant Patients with Delayed Graft Function

Background: Inflammatory cell infiltration and residual areas of fibrosis in kidneys after renal transplantation can lead to functional abnormalities with long-term implications. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (uMCP-1) levels, relative cortical interstitial area (RCIA), and cortical tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration in renal transplant patients with delayed graft function (DGF) and their possible correlation with graft outcome. Design: Patients were followed after biopsies for one year, and their renal function and structure were evaluated, as well as parameters of inflammatory process. Setting: Clinical Hospital of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto. Patients: Twenty-two cadaveric kidney transplant recipients with DGF were followed for one year. Measurements: Renal function, RCIA, macrophages infiltration and uMCP-1 levels were evaluated. Methods: Renal function was evaluated by plasma creatinine levels. RCIA was determined by morphometry. Immunohistochemical staining of macrophages was performed using an anti-CD68 monoclonal antibody. uMCP-1 levels were determined using a human MCP-1/CCL2 immunoassay kit. Results: There was a significant increase in uMCP-1 levels in transplant patients compared with controls ( p < 0.001). RCIA was 7.1% (6.4 to 9.2; median and 25th to 75th percentiles) in controls and 37.1% (28.1 to 43.7) in patients with kidney transplants ( p < 0.001). The patients who presented with a higher RCIA in the first biopsy showed higher levels of plasma creatinine one year after transplantation (r = 0.44; p < 0.05). The number of tubulointerstitial macrophages per 0.10 mm 2 grid field was higher in the renal cortex of transplant patients compared with the controls (19.4 (9.0 to 47.1) vs. 2.5 (1.8 to 3.4), p < 0.001). There was also a positive correlation between the RCIA and the number of tubulointerstitial macrophages in the renal cortex of these patients (r = 0.49; p < 0.001). Limitations: The number of patients studied was relatively small and may not be reflecting outcomes over a larger spectrum of kidney cadaveric transplants. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate increased levels of uMCP-1 in transplant patients with DGF, in addition to increased tubulointerstitial macrophage infiltration and RCIA, which could predict the outcome of renal function in these patients

Glomerulopatia de lesões mínimas associada ao diabetes melito do tipo 1 e do tipo 2

A 19-year-old female with type 1 diabetes for four years, and a 73-year-old female with type 2 diabetes for twenty years developed sudden-onset nephrotic syndrome. Examination by light microscopy, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy (in one case) identified minimal change disease (MCD) in both cases. There was a potential causative drug (meloxicam) for the 73-year-old patient. Both patients were treated with prednisone and responded with complete remission. The patient with type 1 diabetes showed complete remission without relapse, and the patient with type 2 diabetes had two relapses; complete remission was sustained after associated treatment with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. Both patients had two years of follow-up evaluation after remission. We discuss the outcomes of both patients and emphasize the role of kidney biopsy in diabetic patients with an atypical proteinuric clinical course, because patients with MCD clearly respond to corticotherapy alone or in conjunction with other immunosuppressive agents. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(5):331-5Uma paciente de 19 anos de idade com diabetes tipo 1 durante quatro anos e uma paciente de 73 anos de idade com diabetes tipo 2 durante vinte anos desenvolveram quadro súbito de síndrome nefrótica. O exame histológico à microscopia de luz, imunofluorescência e microscopia eletrônica (em um caso) diagnosticou glomerulopatia de lesões mínimas (GLM) em ambos os casos. Na paciente de 73 anos de idade, houve uma associação com o uso de meloxicam. As duas pacientes foram tratadas com corticosteroides e responderam com remissão completa do quadro. A paciente de 19 anos com diabetes tipo 1 apresentou remissão completa sem recidivas, e a paciente de 73 anos com diabetes tipo 2 apresentou dois episódios de recidiva; a remissão completa foi conseguida após associação ao tratamento com ciclofosfamida. As duas pacientes foram seguidas dois anos após a remissão completa. Os casos descritos enfatizam o papel da biópsia renal em pacientes diabéticos com evolução atípica do aparecimento de proteinúria, pois pacientes com GLM respondem bem à corticoterapia como único tratamento ou associado a outro agente imunossupressor. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(5):331-5Fundacao de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistencia (FAEPA)Fundacao de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistencia (FAEPA

Intoxication by star fruit (Averrhoa carambola) in 32 uraemic patients: treatment and outcome

Abstract Background. Clinical symptoms and outcomes of uraemic patients ingesting star fruit are quite variable and may progress to death. The purpose of the present report was to discuss the neurotoxic effects of star fruit intoxication in uraemic patients and to present the efficacy of different therapeutic approaches. Methods. We studied a total of 32 uraemic patients who had ingested star fruit. Before the intoxication episodes, 20 patients were on regular haemodialysis, eight were on peritoneal dialysis and four were not yet undergoing dialysis. Two patients were analysed retrospectively from their charts, 17 were directly monitored by our clinic and 13 were referred by physicians from many areas throughout the country, allowing us to follow their outcome from a distance. Intoxicated patients were given different therapeutic approaches (haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and supportive treatment), and their outcomes were analysed. Results. The most common symptoms were persistent and intractable hiccups in 30 patients (93.75%), vomiting in 22 (68.7%), variable degrees of disturbed consciousness (mental confusion, psychomotor agitation) in 21 (65.6%), decreased muscle power, limb numbness, paresis, insomnia and paresthesias in 13 (40.6%) and seizures in seven (21.8%). Patients who were promptly treated with haemodialysis, including those with severe intoxication, recovered without sequelae. Patients with severe intoxication who were not treated or treated with peritoneal dialysis did not survive. Conclusions. Haemodialysis, especially on a daily basis, is the ideal treatment for star fruit intoxication. In severe cases, continuous methods of replacement therapy may provide a superior initial procedure, since rebound effects are a common event. Peritoneal dialysis is of no use as a treatment, especially when consciousness disorders ensue

Renal macrophage infiltration is associated with a poor outcome in IgA nephropathy

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of our study were as follows: 1) to analyze the prognostic value of macrophage infiltration in primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and 2) to study the relationship between macrophages and other factors associated with the development of renal fibrosis, including mast cells, TGF-&#946;1, &#945;-SMA and NF-kB. METHODS: We analyzed 62 patients who had been diagnosed with IgAN between 1987 and 2003. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with monoclonal antibodies against CD68 and mast cell tryptase and polyclonal antibodies against TGF-&#946;1, &#945;-SMA and NF-kB p65. We also used Southwestern histochemistry for the in situ detection of activated NF-kB. RESULTS: The infiltration of macrophages into the tubulointerstitial compartment correlated with unfavorable clinical and histological parameters, and a worse clinical course of IgAN was significantly associated with the number of tubulointerstitial macrophages. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated that increased macrophage infiltration was associated with decreased renal survival. Moreover, the presence of macrophages was associated with mast cells, tubulointerstitial &#945;-SMA expression and NF-kB activation (IH and Southwestern histochemistry). In the multivariate analysis, the two parameters that correlated with macrophage infiltration, proteinuria and tubulointerstitial injury, were independently associated with an unfavorable clinical course. CONCLUSION: An increased number of macrophages in the tubulointerstitial area may serve as a predictive factor for poor prognosis in patients with IgAN, and these cells were also associated with the expression of pro-fibrotic factors

Arteriovenous Fistula Puncture: An Essential Factor for Hemodialysis Efficiency

Objective. To determine the blood recirculation ratio in the vascular access of patients on hemodialysis, and to calculate the Kt/Vs obtained with the different techniques of arteriovenous fistula punctures. Materials and Methods. A total of 174 patients were divided according to the technique used for arteriovenous fistula puncture: group 1, needles in opposite directions and with a distance of 5 cm or more between them; group 2, needles in opposite directions but with a distance of less than 5 cm; group 3, unidirectional needles with both directed to the heart and with a distance of 5 cm or more; group 4, unidirectional needles but separated by a distance of less than 5 cm between needles; and group 5, patients carrying a temporary venous catheter. Blood samples were collected for urea analysis, pre and post-dialysis for Kt/V rate, and other samples for calculation of the access recirculation. Results. Group 1 presented the lowest rate of access recirculation (8.51 +/- 4.90%) and the best Kt/V (1.71 +/- 0.36), while group 4 presented the worst access recirculation (20.68 +/- 4.92%) and Kt/V (1.16 +/- 0.26). All groups differed significantly from group 4 (p < 0.05), except group 5 with regard for Kt/V parameter. Discussion. The technique of arteriovenous fistula puncture is an essential factor to decrease the access recirculation and assure better results of measurement of hemodialysis adequacy. On the basis of the results obtained, insertion of the needles in the same direction and with a distance of less than 5 cm between them should be avoided.Fundacao de Apoio ao Ensino, Pesquisa e Assistencia do Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto - USP ( FAEPA)

Bacterial colonization in hemodialysis temporary dual lumen catheters: A prospective study

Aims. The use of hemodialysis temporary dual-lumen catheters is often complicated by infections, which may be a significant cause of death among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of bacteremia and bacterial colonization related to non-tunneled, non-cuffed, dual-lumen temporary catheters in patients with ESRD submitted to hemodialysis. Methods. This study included 29 patients with ESRD. After catheter implantation, patients were monitored throughout the period of catheter permanence by means of blood samples collected weekly from a peripheral vein. Bacteria were isolated and identified according to CLSI recommendations. When catheters were removed for any reason, their tips were evaluated microbiologically. Results. A total of 194 blood samples from the 29 patients implanted with 55 catheters were analyzed. Of these, 15.5% (30 samples) demonstrated bacterial growth, principally Staphylococcus epidermidis (64.5%). Twenty patients (68.9%) presented at least one positive blood culture during follow-up. The median time for catheter colonization was 18.5 days (95% CI: 16.8-30.3). Of the 55 catheters implanted, 28 (50.9%) showed bacterial colonization, corresponding to 23.4 episodes/1000 catheter/days and 9.2 episodes of bacteremia /1000 catheter/days. Fifteen of 28 catheter tips analyzed showed bacterial growth (53.5%). In 14 of these (93.3%), there was agreement between the isolates from the catheter tip and blood cultures. Of 24 episodes of positive blood cultures from 20 different patients in 17 episodes (70.8%), the patients showed no clinical signs or symptoms of bacteremia. Conclusions. The high incidence of catheter colonization, the correlation between blood and catheter tip cultures, and the occurrence of frequent cases of asymptomatic bacteremia justify the proposal of routine peripheral blood collections to monitor patients undergoing hemodialysis with temporary dual-lumen catheters

Cutaneous and articular tuberculosis in a renal transplant recipient

Abstract Seven months after undergoing kidney transplantation, a 56-year-old woman presented with papules and ulcers in her right forearm. The patient received antibiotics for 8 months with limited improvement. Eleven months after symptom onset, she presented with acute arthritis in her left knee. Asynovial fluid culture yielded Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and a forearm ulcer biopsy showed granulomatous inflammation. After surgical fistulectomy and 12 months of tuberculosis treatment, she was cured. Chronic cutaneous ulcers and articular manifestations in TB are rare, but they should always be considered in the differential diagnosis for immunosuppressed patients. Surgical intervention and prolonged treatment might be necessary