Terror Without Virtue is Powerless: Decoding Robespierre’s Festival of the Supreme Being (June 1794)

This paper will decode Maximilien Robespierre’s deistic cult, the Festival of the Supreme Being, a seemingly bizarre public ritual that was held at the height of the Great Terror on 20 Prairial Year II (June 1794). The Festival of the Supreme Being was staged by the Jacobin leader Robespierre, aided by the artist Jacques-Louis David, in an attempt to unify the French Republic’s citizenry during a particularly unstable time in the Revolution. Inspired by David's neo-classical masterpieces, such as The Oath of the Horatii, the festival used imagery from ancient Rome to emphasize the importance of civic virtue among a patriotic citizenry. A necessary counterpart to the Jacobins' campaign of terror against the Republic's myriad enemies, Robespierre's attempts to develop Parisians' civic virtue was designed to save the Republic by transforming passive subjects into active citizens. I will interpret this carefully orchestrated event as a parable of republican virtue by examining its use of classical symbols and the distinctive roles assigned to men, women and children in the festival. Presented in absentia on April 27, 2020 at "Student Research Day" at MacEwan University in Edmonton, Alberta. (Conference cancelled) Faculty Mentor: Kelly Summers Department: Histor

Theatrical Medicine: Aboriginal Performance, Ritual and Commemoration (for Vanessa Lee Buckner)

The paper begins by discussing some Aboriginal teachings offering the author’s working definition of Medicine based on the teachings that elders have shared. These cultural traditions reflect a belief in the power of performance and the possibility of performance as medicinal. The paper applies some of these teachings about Medicine to suggest that the form and experience of these theatrical events can be understood as contemporary good Medicine. These performances and plays by Aboriginal people bring balance to the witnesses through honouring the deceased by way of naming rituals, they bring balance to communities by showing the humanity of Aboriginal women, and they provide a cathartic ritual or ceremony for the release of trauma. Résumé Cet article commence par présenter un certain nombre d’enseignements et de cérémonies de la tradition autochtone, pour ensuite proposer une définition de la médecine fondée sur les enseignements des Anciens. Ces traditions culturelles reflètent une croyance dans le pouvoir de la performance et dans ses possibilités médicinales. L’article étudie quelques enseignements sur la médecine et décèle dans la forme et l’expérience de ces événements théâtraux des propriétés médicinales contemporaines. Les performances et les pièces d’artistes autochtones contribuent au mieux-être des témoins qui rendent hommage aux femmes décédées par une lecture rituelle de leurs noms; elles contribuent au mieux-être des communautés en montrant l’humanité des femmes autochtones et elles fournissent un rituel ou une cérémonie cathartique qui permet d’évacuer le traumatisme

Professional Counselors\u27 Perceptions of Knowledge, Barriers, Support and Action of Professional Advocacy

Leaders in the counseling field are encouraging practitioners to develop a social justice perspective to counseling to ensure fair and equitable treatment of clients and stress the importance of advocating on behalf of these individuals (Lee, 2007; Lee & Waltz, 1998; Lewis, Arnold, House, & Toporek, 2003; Lewis & Bradley, 2000). The counseling profession, because it is a relatively young field struggling with its own identity (Chi Sigma Iota, 2005; Eriksen, 1999; Gale & Austin, 2003; Myers & Sweeney, 2004) could also benefit from advocacy. A two-pronged approach of professional advocacy, which is the process of advocating for both clients and the profession is the most effective and comprehensive method. The results of this study were intended to bring greater insight into professional counselors\u27 willingness and ability to advocate on behalf of the profession by identifying their perceptions of activities, knowledge, skills, qualities, importance, need, barriers and support for professional advocacy, and by exploring the relationship between counseling professionals\u27 attitudes toward professional counselor advocacy and their perceived level of conducting professional advocacy activities. Results indicated that professional counselors believe that they participate in professional advocacy activities and that they have the knowledge, skills, and qualities to conduct those professional advocacy activities. They report gaining most knowledge of professional advocacy from publications, then from modeling, then conferences and workshops, then from their master\u27s or doctoral program, and last from websites. They endorsed the importance and need to conduct professional advocacy most due to needing to improve the public and professional image of counselors. Participants indicated the top three barriers to advocating are: not enough time, roadblocks caused by other professionals, and insufficient knowledge of professional advocacy strategies; however generally find support to advocate in colleagues, counselor xi educators, supervisors and professional associations. Knowledge, skill, qualities, importance/need, barriers and support produced positive relationships when correlated to professional advocacy activities meaning that they will be more involved in professional counselor advocacy activities if they endorse these ideas. Additionally, several barriers produced significant, negative relationships with advocacy activities indicating that if they perceive barriers, they are less likely to be involved in those advocacy activities

Sentencing Our Children to Die in Prison: Global Law and Practice

This Article focuses on the sentencing of child offenders to a term of life imprisonment without the possibility of release or parole ( LWOP ). These are children convicted of crimes when younger than eighteen years of age, as defined by the international standards contained in the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child

Inhibition of HIV-1 endocytosis allows lipid mixing at the plasma membrane, but not complete fusion

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We recently provided evidence that HIV-1 enters HeLa-derived TZM-bl and lymphoid CEMss cells by fusing with endosomes, whereas its fusion with the plasma membrane does not proceed beyond the lipid mixing step. The mechanism of restriction of HIV-1 fusion at the cell surface and/or the factors that aid the virus entry from endosomes remain unclear.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We examined HIV-1 fusion with a panel of target cells lines and with primary CD4⁺T cells. Kinetic measurements of fusion combined with time-resolved imaging of single viruses further reinforced the notion that HIV-1 enters the cells <it>via </it>endocytosis and fusion with endosomes. Furthermore, we attempted to deliberately redirect virus fusion to the plasma membrane, using two experimental strategies. First, the fusion reaction was synchronized by pre-incubating the viruses with cells at reduced temperature to allow CD4 and coreceptors engagement, but not the virus uptake or fusion. Subsequent shift to a physiological temperature triggered accelerated virus uptake followed by entry from endosomes, but did not permit fusion at the cell surface. Second, blocking HIV-1 endocytosis by a small-molecule dynamin inhibitor, dynasore, resulted in transfer of viral lipids to the plasma membrane without any detectable release of the viral content into the cytosol. We also found that a higher concentration of dynasore is required to block the HIV-endosome fusion compared to virus internalization.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results further support the notion that HIV-1 enters disparate cell types through fusion with endosomes. The block of HIV-1 fusion with the plasma membrane at a post-lipid mixing stage shows that this membrane is not conducive to fusion pore formation and/or enlargement. The ability of dynasore to interfere with the virus-endosome fusion suggests that dynamin could be involved in two distinct steps of HIV-1 entry - endocytosis and fusion within intracellular compartments.</p

Health in Mind: A Philanthropic Guide for Mental Health and Addiction

There has never been a more urgent time to address mental health and addiction. In Health in Mind: A Philanthropic Guide for Mental Health and Addiction, the Center for High Impact Philanthropy at the Penn School of Social Policy & Practice identifies approaches that are most effective at preventing, treating, and supporting the recovery or long-term management of mental health conditions and substance use disorders. In it donors will find:Five strategies you can use to address mental health and addictionEvidence for the opportunities that have the greatest potential for impactA range of solutions and philanthropic opportunities for each strategy