When is a parasite not a parasite? Effects of larval tick burdens on white-footed mouse survival

Many animal species can carry considerable burdens of ectoparasites: parasites living on the outside of a host's body. Ectoparasite infestation can decrease host survival, but the magnitude and even direction of survival effects can vary depending on the type of ectoparasite and the nature and duration of the association. When ectoparasites also serve as vectors of pathogens, the effects of ectoparasite infestation on host survival have the potential to alter disease dynamics by regulating host populations and stabilizing transmission. We quantified the impact of larval Ixodes scapularis tick burdens on both within-season and overwinter survival of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) using a hierarchical Bayesian capture-mark-recapture model. I. scapularis and P. leucopus are, respectively, vectors and competent reservoirs for the causative agents of Lyme disease, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis. Using a data set of 5587 individual mouse capture histories over sixteen years, we found little evidence for any effect of tick burdens on either within-season or overwinter mouse survival probabilities. In male mice, tick burdens were positively correlated with within-season survival probabilities. Mean maximum tick burdens were also positively correlated with population rates of change during the concurrent breeding season. The apparent indifference of mice to high tick burdens may contribute to their effectiveness as reservoir hosts for several human zoonotic pathogens.Fil: Hersh, Michelle H.. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; Estados Unidos. Bard College. Program in Biology; Estados Unidos. Sarah Lawrence College; Estados UnidosFil: LaDeau, Shannon L.. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; Estados UnidosFil: Previtali, Maria Andrea. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; ArgentinaFil: Ostfeld, Richard S.. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; Estados Unido

The impacts of increasing drought on forest dynamics, structure, and biodiversity in the United States

We synthesize insights from current understanding of drought impacts at stand‐to‐biogeographic scales, including management options, and we identify challenges to be addressed with new research. Large stand‐level shifts underway in western forests already are showing the importance of interactions involving drought, insects, and fire. Diebacks, changes in composition and structure, and shifting range limits are widely observed. In the eastern US, the effects of increasing drought are becoming better understood at the level of individual trees, but this knowledge cannot yet be confidently translated to predictions of changing structure and diversity of forest stands. While eastern forests have not experienced the types of changes seen in western forests in recent decades, they too are vulnerable to drought and could experience significant changes with increased severity, frequency, or duration in drought. Throughout the continental United States, the combination of projected large climate‐induced shifts in suitable habitat from modeling studies and limited potential for the rapid migration of tree populations suggests that changing tree and forest biogeography could substantially lag habitat shifts already underway. Forest management practices can partially ameliorate drought impacts through reductions in stand density, selection of drought‐tolerant species and genotypes, artificial regeneration, and the development of multistructured stands. However, silvicultural treatments also could exacerbate drought impacts unless implemented with careful attention to site and stand characteristics. Gaps in our understanding should motivate new research on the effects of interactions involving climate and other species at the stand scale and how interactions and multiple responses are represented in models. This assessment indicates that, without a stronger empirical basis for drought impacts at the stand scale, more complex models may provide limited guidance.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134257/1/gcb13160_am.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134257/2/gcb13160.pd

Reservoir Competence of Wildlife Host Species for Babesia microti

Human babesiosis is an increasing health concern in the northeastern United States, where the causal agent, Babesia microti, is spread through the bite of infected Ixodes scapularis ticks. We sampled 10 mammal and 4 bird species within a vertebrate host community in southeastern New York to quantify reservoir competence (mean percentage of ticks infected by an individual host) using real-time PCR. We found reservoir competence levels>17 % in whitefooted mice (Peromyscus leucopus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), short-tailed shrews (Blarina brevicauda), and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus), and <6 % but>0 % in all other species, including all 4 bird species. Data on the relative contributions of multiple host species to tick infection with B. microti and level of genetic differentiation between B. microti strains transmitted by different hosts will help advance understanding of the spread of human babesiosis. Human babesiosis is a growing public health concern, especially in the northeastern United States. Babesiosis is a zoonotic, malaria-like illness that can be particularly severe and sometimes fatal in elderly, asplenic, or immunocomprised persons (1). In the lower Hudson Valley region of New York State, 5 locally acquired cases of babesiosis were documented in 2001 (2), and incidence has increased 20-fold from 2001 through 2008 (3). The causal agent of human babesiosis, Babesia microti (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida), is a protozoan blood parasite that is transmitted in nature by the bite of an infected tick. In the northeastern United States, the vector of this disease is Ixodes scapularis, the black-legged tick, which is also the primary vector of Borrelia burgdorferi and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causal agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis, respectively. B. microt

Appendix D. A figure presenting predictive distributions of fungal incidence probabilities, Pr(P), at the range of soil moisture levels observed.

A figure presenting predictive distributions of fungal incidence probabilities, Pr(P), at the range of soil moisture levels observed

Appendix E. A figure presenting predictive distributions of host survival probabilities under different scenarios of infection and levels of soil moisture for all host-fungus combinations with PM ≥ 0.5.

A figure presenting predictive distributions of host survival probabilities under different scenarios of infection and levels of soil moisture for all host-fungus combinations with PM ≥ 0.5

Appendix F. Four tables with posterior estimates of incidence, infection, and detection probabilities and covariate effects on fungal incidence and seedling survival.

Four tables with posterior estimates of incidence, infection, and detection probabilities and covariate effects on fungal incidence and seedling survival

Appendix B. A tabular list of all fungal taxa isolated more than five times and their top NCBI BLAST matches.

A tabular list of all fungal taxa isolated more than five times and their top NCBI BLAST matches

Appendix C. A figure presenting predictive distributions of survival probabilities for all host–fungus combinations with (PM) ≥ 0.5.

A figure presenting predictive distributions of survival probabilities for all host–fungus combinations with (PM) ≥ 0.5