Quark-gluon vertex in general kinematics

The original publication can be found at www.springerlink.com Submitted to Cornell University’s online archive www.arXiv.org in 2007 by Jon-Ivar Skullerud. Post-print sourced from www.arxiv.org.We compute the quark–gluon vertex in quenched lattice QCD in the Landau gauge, using an off-shell mean-field O(a)-improved fermion action. The Dirac-vector part of the vertex is computed for arbitrary kinematics. We find a substantial infrared enhancement of the interaction strength regardless of the kinematics.Ayse Kizilersu, Derek B. Leinweber, Jon-Ivar Skullerud and Anthony G. William

a) Close up view of the most associated region from the American GWAS analysis. b) Minor allele frequency of the associated region. c) Further close up of the associated peak showing the LD structure of the SNPs in the area relative to the most associated SNP. d) Close up view of the genes located in the area of the associated haplotype.

<p>Red arrow indicates the location of the most associated SNP.</p

Multiple dimensional scaling plot visualising the genetic similarity between the individuals within the population using the two first principal components as calculated in PLINK.

<p>a) American and European data combined b) American data c) European data.</p

Manhattan plot showing the–log 10 p-values in relation to the chromosomes.

<p>a) American data b) European data c) American and European data combined. Q-Q plots showing the expected p-value in relation to the observed p-value for each GWAS analysis. Shaded area indicates 95% confidence interval. Stippled line marks nominal significance threshold.</p

Expression changes of <i>CAMKK2</i> in canine and human brain tumors.

<p>Distributions of expression values in the different groups are depicted as box-and-whisker-plots, with the median of expression represented by horizontal lines inside each box, lower and upper box borders indicating 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively, and regions between whiskers including all non-outlier values. (A) Quantitative RT-PCR comparing matched normal brain (nominally 1.0) to tumor tissue in dogs with the glioma risk haplotype (GRH) and (B) comparing normal cerebrum from GRH and non GRH tissue. Significantly decreased <i>CAMKK2</i> mRNA expression is seen in GRH tumors. <b>(</b>C) Human expression data was obtained from a study by Liu and colleagues [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1006000#pgen.1006000.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>]. Comparing to normal brain (n = 4), mRNA expression level of <i>CAMKK2</i> is significantly lower in astrocytic glioma (n = 5), ependymoma (n = 4), and oligodendroglioma (n = 5). (D) Another set of human expression data was obtained from the TCGA Research Network and shows a significant lower expression in GBM patients (n = 24) compared to epileptic normal brain (n = 10). (E) Quantification of Western blot of CAMKK2 in human patient-derived GBM cell lines and normal adult brain lysate. Comparing to adult brain, GBM cell lines exhibit a lower level of CAMKK2. (F) When induced to differentiation with serum, <i>CAMKK2</i> mRNA levels increase in patient-derived GBM cells between day 0 (D0) and day 7 (D7). This experiment has been repeated twice.</p

Across-breed GWAS for glioma identified a strongly associated locus on chromosome 26.

<p>Log p-values on the y-axis are adjusted for stratification by genomic control (GC). A significantly associated locus was found on CFA 26 (A) spanning the region of CFA 26:8.5–12 Mb (B). Dashed line at log p-value 6.5 corresponds to p-value 0.05 after Bonferroni correction (A).</p

Significantly overrepresented breeds for specific tumor types.

<p>Dog breeds significantly overrepresented in histologically diagnosed gliomas compared to representation in the general hospital population. Percentage of specific gliomas in each breed from the total (228) is shown. All = Oligodendrogliomas, Astrocytomas and mixed oligoastrocytomas combined. NS = tumor type not statistically significantly overrepresented in the breed. Significance is based on a likelihood Chi-square association test.</p

Samples from different breeds included in glioma GWAS.

<p>Samples from different breeds included in glioma GWAS.</p

Fine-mapping of candidate SNVs shows the strongest association within the <i>CAMKK2</i> gene.

<p>Genotyping of 56 candidate SNVs showed the strongest association within an intron of <i>CAMKK2</i> for three tests: Including all glioma cases and controls (A), excluding all fixed breed samples (B), and assigning all fixed breed samples a status as cases (C). Second strongest association was seen in an intron of <i>DENR</i>, and in the gene <i>P2RX7</i> where one SNV was non-synonymous coding.</p

Glioma-associated region co-localizes with a selective sweep.

<p>A view of the most associated region for glioma (A) and inspection of minor allele frequencies shows that low minor allele frequencies (indicative of selection) in breeds related to an ancestral Bulldog (B) co-localize with the associated region. No comparable signs of selection are present in the Pugs (C).</p