Estudo comparativo entre os custos diretos orçados: galpões pré-fabricados em concreto com pórtico atirantado e galpões com vigas de concreto protendido

Artigo submetido ao Curso de Engenharia Civil da UNESC - como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Engenheiro CivilA presente pesquisa tem como objetivo comparar os custos diretos orçados entre galpões pré-fabricados com sistemas de cobertura distintos: galpões com pórticos atirantados e galpões com vigas de concreto protendido. Para a obtenção desse comparativo considerou-se três vãos de cobertura para os dois sistemas: 20 m, 25 m, e 30 m, identificando qual das duas soluções teria o menor custo direto orçado. Primeiramente, fez-se necessária uma pesquisa bibliográfica para buscar informações literárias que auxiliassem no desenvolvimento da pesquisa a respeito dos elementos estruturais considerados e suas orçamentações. Após a seleção e organização dos textos, fez-se a elaboração dos projetos a serem estudados e a reunião da documentação técnica necessária. Por meio do pré-dimensionamento dos galpões fornecido pela empresa pesquisada, fez-se o levantamento dos quantitativos dos projetos e com estes elaborou-se o preenchimento e cálculo da planilha orçamentária. Além dos custos diretos orçados para cada galpão, observou-se o comportamento dos custos das etapas de fabricação, transporte e montagem para cada vão de cobertura com sistemas construtivos distintos. Os resultados apontam que os galpões com viga de concreto protendido apresentam menor custo direto orçado. Foram identificadas as seguintes variações de custos diretos totais entre os galpões de com vigas de concreto protendido e os galpões com pórticos atirantados: vãos de 20 m -8,06%; vãos de 25 m -10,85%; vãos de 30 m -10,58%. Com exceção da etapa de transporte para os galpões de 20 m e de 30 m de vão de cobertura, os galpões com viga de concreto protendido também apresentaram menores custos orçados por etapas de fabricação, transporte e montagem

Multi-level and hybrid modelling approaches for systems biology

During the last decades, high-throughput techniques allowed for the extraction of a huge amount of data from biological systems, unveiling more of their underling complexity. Biological systems encompass a wide range of space and time scales, functioning according to flexible hierarchies of mechanisms making an intertwined and dynamic interplay of regulations. This becomes particularly evident in processes such as ontogenesis, where regulative assets change according to process context and timing, making structural phenotype and architectural complexities emerge from a single cell, through local interactions. The informa- tion collected from biological systems are naturally organized according to the functional levels composing the system itself. In systems biology, biological information often comes from overlapping but different scientific domains, each one having its own way of representing phenomena under study. That is, the dif- ferent parts of the system to be modelled may be described with different formalisms. For a model to have improved accuracy and capability for making a good knowledge base, it is good to comprise different sys- tem levels, suitably handling the relative formalisms. Models which are both multi-level and hybrid satisfy both these requirements, making a very useful tool in computational systems biology. This paper reviews some of the main contributions in this field

Modeling antibiotic resistance in the microbiota using Multi-level Petri Nets

Background The unregulated use of antibiotics not only in clinical practice but also in farm animals breeding is causing a unprecedented growth of antibiotic resistant bacterial strains. This problem can be analyzed at different levels, from the antibiotic resistance spreading dynamics at the host population level down to the molecular mechanisms at the bacteria level. In fact, antibiotic administration policies and practices affect the societal system where individuals developing resistance interact with each other and with the environment. Each individual can be seen as a meta-organism together with its associated microbiota, which proves to have a prominent role in the resistance spreading dynamics. Eventually, in each microbiota, bacterial population dynamics and vertical or horizontal gene transfer events activate cellular and molecular mechanisms for resistance spreading that can also be possible targets for its prevention. Results In this work we show how to use the Nets-Within-Nets formalism to model the dynamics between different antibiotic administration protocols and antibiotic resistance, both at the individuals population and at the single microbiota level. Three application examples are presented to show the flexibility of this approach in integrating heterogeneous information in the same model, a fundamental property when creating computational models complex biological systems. Simulations allow to explicitly take into account timing and stochastic events. Conclusions This work demonstrates how the NWN formalism can be used to efficiently model antibiotic resistance population dynamics at different levels of detail. The proposed modeling approach not only provides a valuable tool for investigating causal, quantitative relations between different events and mechanisms, but can be also used as a valid support for decision making processes and protocol development

Intracranial hemorrhage in anticoagulated patients with mild traumatic brain injury: significant differences between direct oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists

Prognosis after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) on oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) is uncertain. We evaluated the rate of immediate and delayed traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) comparing vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and the safety of a clinical management protocol. In this single-center prospective observational study, we enrolled 220 patients on OAT with MTBI. After a first negative CT scan, asymptomatic patients underwent a close neurological observation; if neurologically stable, they were discharged without a second CT scan and followed up for 1 month. Out of the 220 patients, 206 met the inclusion criteria. 23 of them (11.2%) had a positive first CT scan for ICH. Only 1 (0.5%, 95% CI 0.0–1.4%) died because of ICH; no one required neurosurgical intervention. The observed prevalence rate of immediate ICH resulted statistically higher in VKAs-treated patients compared to those treated with DOACs (15.7 vs. 4.7%, RR 3.34, 95% CI 1.18–9.46, P < 0.05). In the 1-month follow-up, 5 out of the 183 patients with a negative CT scan were lost. Out of the remaining 178 patients, only 3 showed a delayed ICH (1.7%, 95% CI 0.0–3.6%), 1 of them died (0.6%, 95% CI 0.5–1.7%) and the others did not require neurosurgical intervention. DOACs resulted safer than VKAs also in the setting of MTBI. In our observation, the rate of delayed hemorrhage was relatively low. Patients presenting with a negative first CT scan and without neurological deterioration could be safely discharged after a short period of in-ward observation with a low rate of complications and without a second CT scan

Genome-wide association study identifies CAMKID variants involved in blood pressure response to losartan: the SOPHIA study

BACKGROUND: Essential hypertension arises from the combined effect of genetic and environmental factors. A pharmacogenomics approach could help to identify additional molecular mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis. AIM: The aim of SOPHIA study was to identify genetic polymorphisms regulating blood pressure response to the angiotensin II receptor blocker, losartan, with a whole-genome approach. MATERIALS & METHODS: We performed a genome-wide association study on blood pressure response in 372 hypertensives treated with losartan and we looked for replication in two independent samples. RESULTS: We identified a peak of association in CAMK1D gene (rs10752271, effect size -5.5 \ub1 0.94 mmHg, p = 1.2 7 10(-8)). CAMK1D encodes a protein that belongs to the regulatory pathway involved in aldosterone synthesis. We tested the specificity of rs10752271 for losartan in hypertensives treated with hydrochlorothiazide and we validated it in silico in the GENRES cohort. CONCLUSION: Using a genome-wide approach, we identified the CAMK1D gene as a novel locus associated with blood pressure response to losartan. CAMK1D gene characterization may represent a useful tool to personalize the treatment of essential hypertension