DARK LOVE: POLISH IDENTITY AND THE HOLOCAUST IN KRZYSZTOF BACZYŃSKI’S POETRY

Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński, nom de plume “Jan Bugaj” (22 January 1921, Warsaw – 4 August 1944, Warsaw) was a Polish poet. In his short life Baczyński, who was killed at the age of 23 during the first days of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, had proven to be an individual of great talent and poetic maturity. After the war, the legend of Baczyński steadily grew. Today, he is recognized in Poland to be the greatest poet of the war generation. In the case of Baczyński, however, it needs to be acknowledged that many elements of his life have been manipulated by Poland’s post-war Communist regime as well as by nationalist circles, and a falsified image of Baczyński remains in Poland today. Through a careful examination of archival documents, including Baczyński’s poems, letters, and illustrations as well as personal recollections of the poet’s family and friends, this dissertation aims to provide a more authentic portrait of Baczyński than is now available, free of Communist and nationalistic framing of his life and work. In particular, this dissertation focuses on elements of the poet’s life and work that have previously escaped attention and proves many of the prevailing views on Baczyński to be based on superficial or even false criteria

Quality of life from the perspective of physical functioning in patients with rheumatoid arthritis - preliminary report

Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, progressive disease of connective tissue with an immunological basis. The quality of life of patients with RA is reduced due to progressive disability limiting the performance of basic everyday activities. Materials and methods: The research was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey, using a survey technique. The research tools included the HAQ questionnaire, the VAS scale and the survey questionnaire of own design. The research was conducted among 50 RA patients meeting the ACR and ELUAR classification criteria and with a positive RF result. Results: Patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis encounter many limitations in everyday functioning. The higher level of HAQ was found in persons over 65, with primary and vocational education, living in towns/cities, with marital status: single, divorced, widowed. Conclusions: The severity of pain assessed by means of the VAS scale significantly affects the quality of life of patients with RA evaluated with the HAQ questionnaire. Socio-demographic factors, such as: age, education, place of residence, marital status, significantly influence the value of HAQ. Patients over 65, with primary and vocational education, living in towns/cities, with single marital status, showed a significantly higher level of HAQ. There exists a correlation between the duration of the disease and the HAQ and VAS values. The stronger the pain experienced by patients, the higher the level of disability affecting the value of HAQ

Bacterial associates of Orthezia urticae, Matsucoccus pini, and Steingelia gorodetskia - scale insects of archaeoccoid families Ortheziidae, Matsucoccidae, and Steingeliidae (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha)

The biological nature, ultrastructure, distribution, and mode of transmission between generations of the microorganisms associated with three species (Orthezia urticae, Matsucoccus pini, Steingelia gorodetskia) of primitive families (archaeococcoids = Orthezioidea) of scale insects were investigated by means of microscopic and molecular methods. In all the specimens of Orthezia urticae and Matsucoccus pini examined, bacteria Wolbachia were identified. In some examined specimens of O. urticae, apart from Wolbachia, bacteria Sodalis were detected. In Steingelia gorodetskia, the bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas were found. In contrast to most plant sap-sucking hemipterans, the bacterial associates of O. urticae, M. pini, and S. gorodetskia are not harbored in specialized bacteriocytes, but are dispersed in the cells of different organs. Ultrastructural observations have shown that bacteria Wolbachia in O. urticae and M. pini, Sodalis in O. urticae, and Sphingomonas in S. gorodetskia are transovarially transmitted from mother to progeny

Molecular characterization, ultrastructure, and transovarial transmission of Tremblaya phenacola in six mealybugs of the Phenacoccinae subfamily (Insecta, Hemiptera, Coccomorpha)

Mealybugs (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) are plant sap-sucking insects which require close association with nutritional microorganisms for their proper development and reproduction. Here, we present the results of histological, ultrastructural, and molecular analyses of symbiotic systems of six mealybugs belonging to the Phenacoccinae subfamily: Phenacoccus aceris, Rhodania porifera, Coccura comari, Mirococcus clarus, Peliococcus calluneti, and Ceroputo pilosellae.Molecular analyses based on bacterial 16S rRNA genes have revealed that all the investigated species of Phenacoccinae are host to only one type of symbiotic bacteria—a large pleomorphic betaproteobacteria—Tremblaya phenacola. In all the species examined, bacteria are localized in the specialized cells of the host-insect termed bacteriocytes and are transovarially transmitted between generations. The mode of transovarial transmission is similar in all of the species investigated. Infection takes place in the neck region of the ovariole, between the tropharium and vitellarium. The co-phylogeny between mealybugs and bacteria Tremblaya has been also analyzed

Ultrastructure and transovarial transmission of endosymbiotic microorganisms in Conomelus anceps and Metcalfa pruinosa (Insecta, Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha)

Endosymbiotic microorganisms commonly occur in fulgoromorphans, as in other plant sap-sucking hemipterans. Large syncytial organs termed mycetomes are present in the body cavities of Conomelus anceps (Delphacidae) and Metcalfa pruinosa (Flatidae), in the close vicinity of the ovaries. The mycetomes are surrounded by a one-layered epithelium. The mycetome cytoplasm is filled with yeast-like symbiotic microorganisms (YLSs). The YLSs are transovarially transmitted to the next generation. The endosymbionts are released from the mycetomes and migrate towards the ovarioles containing vitellogenic oocytes. The YLSs pass through the cells of the ovariole stalk (pedicel) and enter the perivitelline space. Then, a deep depression is formed at the posterior pole of the oocyte. The YLSs accumulate in the oocyte depression and form a characteristic "symbiont ball". The mycetome cytoplasm of Metcalfa pruinosa as well as epithelial cells surrounding the mycetome contain small, rod-shaped bacteria

Organizational commitment in the assessment of employees of different generations : a research study

Purpose: The article aims at presenting results of the original empirical research on the diagnosis of the relationship between the level of organizational commitment of employees and their generational affiliation. Design/Methodology/Approach: Research was carried out in the form of literature studies and empirical research, using quantitative methods. The survey involved 588 persons working in Polish organizations, belonging to four generations: Late Boomers, Generation X, Generation Y and Generation Z. Employees’ age is an important variable determining the level of organizational commitment. Findings: Taking into account generational differences, empirical research shows a high level of organizational commitment in all three of its components declared by the respondents involved. It was also found that organizational commitment varied depending on its type and the generation to which the respondents belonged. Practical Implications: Due to the benefits implied by a high level of employee commitment for the organization, this issue is important for science and managerial staff. For the leaders of organizations, the results of the conducted study may indicate the directions for increasing organizational commitment, taking into account generational diversity. Originality/value: The level of organizational commitment was identified in three components: affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment in the context of employees' generational affiliation. The collected factual material fills the epistemological gap identified as a result of the studies of Polish and foreign literature on the discussed issue

Endosymbiotic microorganisms of aphids (Hemiptera : Sternorrhyncha : Aphidoidea) : ultrastructure, distribution and transovarial transmission

Eriosomatidae (Pemphigus spyrothecae, Prociphilus fraxini), Anoeciidae [Anoecia (Anoecia) corni], Drepanosiphidae [Mindarus abietinus, Sipha (Rungsia) maydis, Clethrobius comes, Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) walshii], Thelaxidae (Thelaxes dryophila), Aphididae (Delphiniobium junackianum, Aphis viburni, Cavariella theobaldi, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria) and Lachnidae (Schizolachnus pineti, Eulachnus rileyi) were studied at the ultrastructural level. The ovaries of aphids are accompanied by large organs termed bacteriomes that consist of giant cells termed bacteriocytes. The bacteriocyte cytoplasm is tightly packed with endosymbiotic bacteria. Ultrastructural observations have shown that the bacteria Buchnera aphidicola (primary symbiont of aphids) present in various species are characterized by significant differences in both size and organization of their cytoplasm. In the aphids, Prociphilus fraxini, Sipha (Rungsia) maydis, Thelaxes dryophila, Aphis viburni, Cavariella theobaldi, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria, Eulachnus rileyi and Schizolachnus pineti, in addition to Buchnera aphidicola, secondary endosymbionts are also present. The bacteriocytes containing secondary endosymbionts are less numerous than those with Buchnera. In Eulachnus rileyi (Lachnidae), in addition to primary and secondary endosymbionts, there is a third type of microorganism. In all species examined both the primary and secondary endosymbionts are transovarially transmitted from mother to offspring