The making and unmaking of a bullying victim

This study focuses on a video-recorded meeting in which a 13-year old female student, in front of her teacher and parents, discloses that she is being bullied. Through a combination of a conversation analytic approach and a victimological perspective, the analyses center on how the student frames her own victimhood narrative as well as on how the other participants, mainly the teacher, respond. While the student in observable ways strives to portray herself as a genuine bullying victim, she nevertheless, after encountering a series of discursive practices, ends up as a rejected victim. This could potentially lead to a form of secondary victimization, in which the original suffering of the victim is exacerbated through inadequate responses by third parties. Three implications for teachers in similar positions are highlighted: (1) Thoroughly scrutinize your own discursive environment, (2) take every victimhood narrative seriously, and (3) solve the problem without delay

Pippi Longstocking as Friedrich Nietzsche's overhuman

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The shame of casual sex : Narratives of young Swedish women

This study is based on the narratives of four young Swedish women, who were interviewed about their experiences of heterosexual casual sex. The analyses are based on phenomenological sociology and focus on sequences in which the participants orient towards shame in connection with casual sexual encounters. The results show that the participants struggle with shame before, during, and after casual sex, that they do so in relation to a great variety of people, places, and situations, and that they through their experiences encounter a complex set of socializing forces. Hence, despite coming of age in a very liberal sexual environment, the social conditions of the young women’s casual sexual encounters appear as highly challenging. Different audiences, selves, and voices, which do not always blend well together, create a crossfire of conflicting ideals, expectations, and feelings. To alleviate the sexual shame that often seems to beset young women, methods of sex education need to focus on scrutinizing cultural practices rather than the individual

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Skolning i sexuell egenmakt : Unga svenska kvinnors berättelser om tillfälligt sex

Mer än var tredje ung kvinna i Sverige uppger sig ha haft en tillfällig sexuell förbindelse under det senaste året. I den här studien fokuserar Michael Tholander och Ninni Tour på fyra unga kvinnors berättelser om sina egna upplevelser av tillfälligt sex. Analyserna bygger på en fenomenologisk ansats och visar på erfarenheter som ofta framställs i negativ dager. Bristfällig kommunikation, maktobalans och otillfredsställande sex beskrivs som vanliga problem, särskilt i relation till händelser i unga år. Samtidigt menar deltagarna att dessa problem fått dem att förändra sitt sätt att tänka, känna och handla i relation till sex, vilket indikerar att unga kvinnors tidiga sexuella upplevelser har en viktig socialiserande funktion. Om deltagarnas egna perspektiv accepteras är det således rimligt att förstå sexuell egenmakt som något som inte enbart etableras genom sekundära källor, såsom sexualundervisning, media eller vänner, utan som också växer fram genom individuellt färgade, erfarenhetsbaserade utvecklingsprocesser.More than every third young woman in Sweden states that they have had casual sex during the past year. In this study, Michael Tholander and Ninni Tour focus on four young women’s narratives of their own involvement in casual sex. The analyses are based on a phenomenological approach and show experiences that are often presented in negative ways. Inadequate communication, power imbalance and unsatisfactory sex are described as common problems, especially in relation to events in younger years. At the same time, the participants believe that these problems have made them change their ways of thinking, feeling, and acting in relation to sex, which indicates that young women’s early sexual experiences have an important socializing function. Thus, if the participants’ own perspectives are accepted, sexual agency might best be understood as individually colored, experience-based, developmental processes rather than as something that is established through secondary sources, such as sex education, media, or friends

Lessons in casual sex : Narratives of young Swedish women

This study focuses on the narratives of four young Swedish women who were interviewed about their experiences of heterosexual casual sex. The analyses are based on a phenomenological approach and provide insight into a highly complex sexual practice, which the participants often portray as having lacked transparent communication, balance of power, and satisfying sex – three key dimensions of an everyday “sexual democracy.” However, the participants also claim to have dealt with these problematic issues, hence pointing to the socializing role that early sexual experiences have for young women. Thus, if the participants’ own perspectives of events are accepted, sexual empowerment might best be understood as individually colored, experience-based, developmental processes rather than as something that is brought about primarily through collective, formal sex education.Funding agency: Linkoping University</p

The ART of apologizing : Entering the black box of an intervention program

During recent decades, evidence-based treatment programs have become a given part of the youth justice system. Typically, such programs are evaluated through quantitative effect studies, in which a variety of outcome measures play a significant role. This case study offers an alternative, interactional evaluation of a treatment program. More specifically, the analysis focuses on an Aggression Replacement Training (ART) session that was held at a youth detention home in Sweden. In this session, two trainers and three detained adolescent boys perform an exercise that serves to teach the latter various apology practices. A detailed, conversation analytic examination of the interaction in the session shows that the trainers repeatedly problematize the boys’ contributions in a kind of deviant-making enterprise. Thus, rather than recognizing competencies that do become visible through closer inspection, the trainers one-sidedly highlight lack and deficiency. It is argued that the interpretative frame of ART, with its focus on pathologization, individualization, and responsibilization, amplifies the incarcerated boys’ deviancy, hence symbolically locking them up in a second, nonmaterial or discursive, sense

“A freak that no one can love” : Difficult knowledge in testimonials on school bullying

This study adopts a testimonial approach to bullying victimisation,and aims to create a deeper understanding of the experiences andeffects of being a bullying target. Four written narratives about beingsubjected to school bullying were analysed according to interpretativephenomenological analysis. From the analysis, four themes wereconstructed, which represented different elements of victimhood: (1)Self-blame in which victims view themselves as the cause of thebullying, (2) Abandonment in which victims describe feelings ofstanding alone in their exposed situation, (3) Turning points inwhich the victims recount a variety of restorative events, and (4)Continued victimhood in which the victims relate how the feeling ofvictimhood and vulnerability continues even though the bullying hasended. In conclusion, school bullying is something that continues toaffect the individual adversely long after it has stopped, althoughstable friendship relations might have a mitigating influence.Through such relations, victimhood can be neutralised and a morepositive self-image develop. Moreover, as numerous other kinds ofvictims emphasise, an essential part of the rehabilitation process is tofinally be able to tell one’s story, to lay bare one’s difficult knowledgeto a wider audience

"You will have these ones!" : Six women's experiences of being pressured to make a contraceptive choice that did not feel right

This study aims to contribute to an understanding of women’s experiences of contraceptive counselling, and of being pressured to make a contraceptive choice that did not feel right. Six women in Sweden participated insemi-structured interviews, which were analysed through interpretative phenomenological analysis. The results were organised into three themes: (1)The normalisation process, i.e., the ways in which the women experienced using the contraceptive were being promoted as a natural part of womanhood; (2)Drawing the shortest straw, i.e., the women’s experiences of encountering insensitive caregivers; and (3) Feeling like a guinea pig,i.e., the women’s sense of not being allowed to control the situation and make their own choices. In conclusion, the experience of not being respected in the healthcare system could lead to consequences not only for women’s sense ofself-efficacy with regard to contraceptives, but also for their willingness to engage in renewed counselling. The caregivers’ communicative skills are, therefore, of prime importance