Sixth Drag Prediction Workshop Results Using FUN3D with k-kL-MEAH2015 Turbulence Model

The Common Research Model wing-body configuration is investigated with the k-kL-MEAH2015 turbulence model implemented in FUN3D. This includes results presented at the Sixth Drag Prediction Workshop and additional results generated after the workshop with a nonlinear Quadratic Constitutive Relation (QCR) variant of the same turbulence model. The workshop provided grids are used, and a uniform grid refinement study is performed at the design condition. A large variation between results with and without a reconstruction limiter is exhibited on medium grid sizes, indicating that the medium grid size is too coarse for drawing conclusions in comparison with experiment. This variation is reduced with grid refinement. At a fixed angle of attack near design conditions, the QCR variant yielded decreased lift and drag compared with the linear eddy-viscosity model by an amount that was approximately constant with grid refinement. The k-kL-MEAH2015 turbulence model produced wing root junction flow behavior consistent with wind tunnel observations

Symbiotic modeling: Linguistic Anthropology and the promise of chiasmus

Reflexive observations and observations of reflexivity: such agendas are by now standard practice in anthropology. Dynamic feedback loops between self and other, cause and effect, represented and representamen may no longer seem surprising; but, in spite of our enhanced awareness, little deliberate attention is devoted to modeling or grounding such phenomena. Attending to both linguistic and extra-linguistic modalities of chiasmus (the X figure), a group of anthropologists has recently embraced this challenge. Applied to contemporary problems in linguistic anthropology, chiasmus functions to highlight and enhance relationships of interdependence or symbiosis between contraries, including anthropology’s four fields, the nature of human being and facets of being human

Long-term modification of cortical synapses improves sensory perception

Synapses and receptive fields of the cerebral cortex are plastic. However, changes to specific inputs must be coordinated within neural networks to ensure that excitability and feature selectivity are appropriately configured for perception of the sensory environment. Long-lasting enhancements and decrements to rat primary auditory cortical excitatory synaptic strength were induced by pairing acoustic stimuli with activation of the nucleus basalis neuromodulatory system. Here we report that these synaptic modifications were approximately balanced across individual receptive fields, conserving mean excitation while reducing overall response variability. Decreased response variability should increase detection and recognition of near-threshold or previously imperceptible stimuli, as we found in behaving animals. Thus, modification of cortical inputs leads to wide-scale synaptic changes, which are related to improved sensory perception and enhanced behavioral performance

A review of the mineralisation at Driggith and Sandbed mines, Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria

Low temperature lead-zinc-copper veins are developed within a NE-SW trending fracture system in rocks of the Eycott Volcanic Group at Driggith and Sandbed mines in the Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria. The lead veins were worked by a succession of mining companies from the 18th century onward, first at Driggith mine and later at Sandbed mine. East-west trending baryte-quartz-carbonate veins were worked for baryte in the mid-20th century. The dumps from these mines surround and in some cases cover those of the earlier lead workings. Several episodes of primary mineralisation can be distinguished. The primary lead vein mineralisation comprises major quartz, calcite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite. Sparse antimony-rich sulphide mineralisation is present as inclusions in the galena. There is rich, localised, iron sulphide-arsenopyrite mineralisation, which pre-dates the lead-copper-zinc vein mineralisation; sparse nickel- and cobalt-bearing mineralisation of unknown affinity, and baryte mineralisation with quartz and carbonates that post-dates the lead-copper-zinc vein mineralisation. The later baryte is present in distinct E-W trending veins and as a later stage of mineralisation in the fractures that host the lead-copper-zinc vein mineralisation. Supergene oxidation is extensive. About sixty supergene minerals have been identified. Distinctive specimens of curved green arsenate-rich pyromorphite on hackly quartz are well known from the opencut above Driggith mine. Bayldonite, cerussite, mimetite and malachite are widespread and abundant. Anglesite, aurichalcite, hemimorphite, Iinarite and philipsburgite are relatively common in micro-crystalline specimens. The arsenate minerals bariumpharmacosiderite, beudantite, mimetite, segnitite and scorodite form distinct localised gossans, which are closely associated with primary arsenopyrite. A variety of sulphate minerals including brochantite, langite, linarite, serpierite and schulenbergite have been formed by post-mining oxidation. Minerals discovered for the first time at the Sand bed and Driggith mines as a result of this study include arsendescloizite, annabergite, brianyoungite, djurleite, erythrite, gersdorffite, kottigite, lanarkite, lavendulan, olivenite, mawbyite, parnauite, philipsburgite, pyrrhotite, redgillite, strashimirite, yarrowite and zalesiite. Of these, annabergite, brianyoungite, gersdorffite, lavendulan, parnauite, strashimirite, yarrowite and zalesiite are reported for the first time in the Caldbeck Fells and mawbyite for the first time in the British Isles. The published mineralogy of the Driggith and Sandbed mines is complicated by the claims of Arthur Kingsbury, many of which are fraudulent. Rare species claimed by Kingsbury, which should be removed from the list of minerals from Driggith and Sand bed include allophane, chalcanthite, conichalcite, chlorargyrite, plancheite, plumbogummite, phosgenite, pseudomalachite, turquoise and wulfenite. In addition, many fine specimens in the Kingsbury collection which are labelled from Driggith or Sandbed mine, including common species such as adamite, brochantite, cerussite, leadhillite, Iinarite and malachite, are fraudulent, although undoubted specimens (almost always of much poorer quality) are well known at both localities

Spectacular sulfides from the Merelani tanzanite deposit, Lelatema Mountains, Manyara Region, Tanzania

Outstanding specimens of several sulfide minerals from the Merelani tanzanite deposit have recently become available, including rare wurtzite in giant, deep red-brown, partially gemmy, well-formed crystals, lustrous black alabandite and form-rich pyrite with exceptional luster. Other sulfides identified include sphalerite, chalcopyrite, millerite, stannite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, sharp microcrystals of clausthalite and rare colusite-germanocolusite

Lead-tellurium oxysalts from Otto Mountain near Baker, California: VII. Chromschieffelinite, Pb_(10)Te_6O_(20)(OH)_(14)(CrO_4)(H_2O)_5, the chromate analog of schieffelinite

Chromschieffelinite, Pb-(10)Te_6O_(20)(OH)_(14)(CrO_4)(H_2O)_5, is a new tellurate from Otto Mountain near Baker, California, named as the chromate analog of schieffelinite, Pb_(10)Te_6O_(20)(OH)_(14)(SO_4)(H_2O)_5. The new mineral occurs in a single 1 mm vug in a quartz vein. Associated mineral species include: chalcopyrite, chrysocolla, galena, goethite, hematite, khinite, pyrite, and wulfenite. Chromschieffelinite is orthorhombic, space group C222_1, a = 9.6646(3), b = 19.4962(8), c = 10.5101(7) Å, V = 1980.33(17) Å3, and Z = 2. Crystals are blocky to tabular on {010} with striations parallel to [001]. The forms observed are {010}, {210}, {120}, {150}, {180}, {212}, and {101}, and crystals reach 0.2 mm in maximum dimension. The color and streak are pale yellow and the luster is adamantine. The Mohs hardness is estimated at 2. The new mineral is brittle with irregular fracture and one perfect cleavage on {010}. The calculated density based on the ideal formula is 5.892 g/cm^3. Chromschieffelinite is biaxial (−) with indices of refraction α = 1.930(5), β = 1.960(5), and γ = 1.975(5), measured in white light. The measured 2V is 68(2)°, the dispersion is strong, r < v, and the optical orientation is X = b, Y = c, Z = a. No pleochroism was observed. Electron microprobe analysis provided: PbO 59.42, TeO_3 29.08, CrO_3 1.86, H_2O 6.63 (structure), total 96.99 wt%; the empirical formula (based on 6 Te) is Pb_(9.65)Te_6O_(19.96)(OH)_(14.04)(CrO_4)_(0.67)(H_2O)_(6.32). The strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [d_(obs) in Å (hkl) I]: 9.814 (020) 100, 3.575 (042,202) 41, 3.347 (222) 44, 3.262 (241,060,113) 53, 3.052 (311) 45, 2.9455 (152,133) 55, 2.0396 (115,353) 33, and 1.6500 (multiple) 33. The crystal structures of schieffelinite (R_1 = 0.0282) and chromschieffelinite (R_1 = 0.0277) contain isolated Te^(6+)O_6 octahedra and Te_2^(6+)O_(11) corner-sharing dimers, which are linked into a three-dimensional framework via bonds to Pb2+ atoms. The framework has large channels along c, which contain disordered SO_4 or CrO_4 groups and H_2O. The lone-electron pair of each Pb^(2+) is stereochemically active, resulting in one-sided Pb-O coordination arrangements. The short Pb-O bonds of the Pb^(2+) coordinations are all to Te^(6+)O_6 octahedra, resulting in strongly bonded layers parallel to {010}, which accounts for the perfect {010} cleavage