649 research outputs found
Shock fragmentation model for gravitational collapse
A cloud of gas collapsing under gravity will fragment. We present a new
theory for this process, in which layers shocked gas fragment due to their
gravitational instability. Our model explains why angular momentum does not
inhibit the collapse process. The theory predicts that the fragmentation
process produces objects which are significantly smaller than most stars,
implying that accretion onto the fragments plays an essential role in
determining the initial masses of stars. This prediction is also consistent
with the hypothesis that planets can be produced by gravitational collapse.Comment: 22 pages, 3 figure
Colliding Particles in Highly Turbulent Flows
We discuss relative velocities and the collision rate of small particles
suspended in a highly turbulent fluid. In the limit where the viscous damping
is very weak, we estimate the relative velocities using the Kolmogorov cascade
principle.Comment: 5 pages, no figures, v2 contains additional result
Cellular Automata Simulating Experimental Properties of Traffic Flows
A model for 1D traffic flow is developed, which is discrete in space and
time. Like the cellular automaton model by Nagel and Schreckenberg [J. Phys. I
France 2, 2221 (1992)], it is simple, fast, and can describe stop-and-go
traffic. Due to its relation to the optimal velocity model by Bando et al.
[Phys. Rev. E 51, 1035 (1995)], its instability mechanism is of deterministic
nature. The model can be easily calibrated to empirical data and displays the
experimental features of traffic data recently reported by Kerner and Rehborn
[Phys. Rev. E 53, R1297 (1996)].Comment: For related work see
http://www.theo2.physik.uni-stuttgart.de/helbing.html and
http://traffic.comphys.uni-duisburg.de/member/home_schreck.htm
Wind Energy and the Turbulent Nature of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Wind turbines operate in the atmospheric boundary layer, where they are
exposed to the turbulent atmospheric flows. As the response time of wind
turbine is typically in the range of seconds, they are affected by the small
scale intermittent properties of the turbulent wind. Consequently, basic
features which are known for small-scale homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and
in particular the well-known intermittency problem, have an important impact on
the wind energy conversion process. We report on basic research results
concerning the small-scale intermittent properties of atmospheric flows and
their impact on the wind energy conversion process. The analysis of wind data
shows strongly intermittent statistics of wind fluctuations. To achieve
numerical modeling a data-driven superposition model is proposed. For the
experimental reproduction and adjustment of intermittent flows a so-called
active grid setup is presented. Its ability is shown to generate reproducible
properties of atmospheric flows on the smaller scales of the laboratory
conditions of a wind tunnel. As an application example the response dynamics of
different anemometer types are tested. To achieve a proper understanding of the
impact of intermittent turbulent inflow properties on wind turbines we present
methods of numerical and stochastic modeling, and compare the results to
measurement data. As a summarizing result we find that atmospheric turbulence
imposes its intermittent features on the complete wind energy conversion
process. Intermittent turbulence features are not only present in atmospheric
wind, but are also dominant in the loads on the turbine, i.e. rotor torque and
thrust, and in the electrical power output signal. We conclude that profound
knowledge of turbulent statistics and the application of suitable numerical as
well as experimental methods are necessary to grasp these unique features (...)Comment: Accepted by the Journal of Turbulence on May 17, 201
Dynamical Anomalies and Intermittency in Burgers Turbulence
We analyze the field theory of fully developed Burgers turbulence. Its key
elements are shock fields, which characterize the singularity statistics of the
velocity field. The shock fields enter an operator product expansion describing
intermittency. The latter is found to be constrained by dynamical anomalies
expressing finite dissipation in the inviscid limit. The link between dynamical
anomalies and intermittency is argued to be important in a wider context of
turbulence.Comment: revised version, 4 pp., 1 fig., to appear in PR
A close halo of large transparent grains around extreme red giant stars
Intermediate-mass stars end their lives by ejecting the bulk of their
envelope via a slow dense wind back into the interstellar medium, to form the
next generation of stars and planets. Stellar pulsations are thought to elevate
gas to an altitude cool enough for the condensation of dust, which is then
accelerated by radiation pressure from starlight, entraining the gas and
driving the wind. However accounting for the mass loss has been a problem due
to the difficulty in observing tenuous gas and dust tens of milliarcseconds
from the star, and there is accordingly no consensus on the way sufficient
momentum is transferred from the starlight to the outflow. Here, we present
spatially-resolved, multi-wavelength observations of circumstellar dust shells
of three stars on the asymptotic giant branch of the HR diagram. When imaged in
scattered light, dust shells were found at remarkably small radii (<~ 2 stellar
radii) and with unexpectedly large grains (~300 nm radius). This proximity to
the photosphere argues for dust species that are transparent to starlight and
therefore resistant to sublimation by the intense radiation field. While
transparency usually implies insufficient radiative pressure to drive a wind,
the radiation field can accelerate these large grains via photon scattering
rather than absorption - a plausible mass-loss mechanism for lower-amplitude
pulsating stars.Comment: 13 pages, 1 table, 6 figure
Behavior of molecules and molecular ions near a field emitter
The cold emission of particles from surfaces under intense electric fields is a process which underpins a variety of applications including atom probe tomography (APT), an analytical microscopy technique with near-atomic spatial resolution. Increasingly relying on fast laser pulsing to trigger the emission, APT experiments often incorporate the detection of molecular ions emitted from the specimen, in particular from covalently or ionically bonded materials. Notably, it has been proposed that neutral molecules can also be emitted during this process. However, this remains a contentious issue. To investigate the validity of this hypothesis, a careful review of the literature is combined with the development of new methods to treat experimental APT data, the modeling of ion trajectories, and the application of density-functional theory simulations to derive molecular ion energetics. It is shown that the direct thermal emission of neutral molecules is extremely unlikely. However, neutrals can still be formed in the course of an APT experiment by dissociation of metastable molecular ions
Proof of the Hyperplane Zeros Conjecture of Lagarias and Wang
We prove that a real analytic subset of a torus group that is contained in
its image under an expanding endomorphism is a finite union of translates of
closed subgroups. This confirms the hyperplane zeros conjecture of Lagarias and
Wang for real analytic varieties. Our proof uses real analytic geometry,
topological dynamics and Fourier analysis.Comment: 25 page
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