Automated plant species identification—Trends and future directions - Fig 3

<p>Visual variation of <i>Lapsana communis</i>'s flower throughout the day from two perspectives (left) and visual variation of <i>Centaurea pseudophrygia</i>'s flower throughout the season and flowering stage (right).</p

Overview of previously studied benchmark datasets.

<p>Overview of previously studied benchmark datasets.</p

Increasing classification accuracy achieved with evolving machine learning approaches on popular plant species benchmark datasets.

<p>Increasing classification accuracy achieved with evolving machine learning approaches on popular plant species benchmark datasets.</p

Classification accuracies using (a) DoH-SIFT and (b) DoH-DCD features and different encoding methods for discrete codebook sizes and image representation lengths.

<p>Classification accuracies using (a) DoH-SIFT and (b) DoH-DCD features and different encoding methods for discrete codebook sizes and image representation lengths.</p

Results reported for the Oxford Flower 17 and Oxford Flower 102 datasets using local features along with the methods detailed for each processing step.

<p>Results reported for the Oxford Flower 17 and Oxford Flower 102 datasets using local features along with the methods detailed for each processing step.</p

Class averaged classification accuracies on the OF17, the OF102, and the JF30 datasets using DoH-OpponentSIFT and an increasing amount of pyramidal levels (one to three).

<p>Class averaged classification accuracies on the OF17, the OF102, and the JF30 datasets using DoH-OpponentSIFT and an increasing amount of pyramidal levels (one to three).</p

Classification accuracy on the OF17, the OF102, and the JF30 dataset.

<p>Computed using SIFT in combination with the Hessian and Harris-based detectors without and with (values in brackets) affine shape estimation.</p

Images per species within the Jena Flower 30 (JF30) dataset.

<p>Images per species within the Jena Flower 30 (JF30) dataset.</p

Median amount of local features extracted per image for the OF17, the OF102, and the JF30 dataset.

<p>Median amount of local features extracted per image for the OF17, the OF102, and the JF30 dataset.</p

Class averaged classification accuracies for the fused shape and color descriptors on the OF17, the OF102, and the JF30 datasets all using the DoH detector.

<p>Class averaged classification accuracies for the fused shape and color descriptors on the OF17, the OF102, and the JF30 datasets all using the DoH detector.</p