2,080 research outputs found
The Visibility of Galactic Bars and Spiral Structure At High Redshifts
We investigate the visibility of galactic bars and spiral structure in the
distant Universe by artificially redshifting 101 B-band CCD images of local
spiral galaxies from the Ohio State University Bright Spiral Galaxy Survey. Our
artificially redshifted images correspond to Hubble Space Telescope I-band
observations of the local galaxy sample seen at z=0.7, with integration times
matching those of both the very deep Northern Hubble Deep Field data, and the
much shallower Flanking Field observations. The expected visibility of galactic
bars is probed in two ways: (1) using traditional visual classification, and
(2) by charting the changing shape of the galaxy distribution in "Hubble
space", a quantitative two-parameter description of galactic structure that
maps closely on to Hubble's original tuning fork. Both analyses suggest that
over 2/3 of strongly barred luminous local spirals i.e. objects classified as
SB in the Third Reference Catalog) would still be classified as strongly barred
at z=0.7 in the Hubble Deep Field data. Under the same conditions, most weakly
barred spirals (classified SAB in the Third Reference Catalog) would be
classified as regular spirals. The corresponding visibility of spiral structure
is assessed visually, by comparing luminosity classifications for the
artificially redshifted sample with the corresponding luminosity
classifications from the Revised Shapley Ames Catalog. We find that for
exposures times similar to that of the Hubble Deep Field spiral structure
should be detectable in most luminous low-inclination spiral galaxies at z=0.7
in which it is present. [ABRIDGED]Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journa
Communication-Efficient BFT Using Small Trusted Hardware to Tolerate Minority Corruption
Agreement protocols for partially synchronous networks tolerate fewer than one-third Byzantine faults. If parties are equipped with trusted hardware that prevents equivocation, then fault tolerance can be improved to fewer than one-half Byzantine faults, but typically at the cost of increased communication complexity. In this work, we present results that use small trusted hardware without worsening communication complexity assuming the adversary controls a fraction of the network that is less than one-half. In particular, we show a version of HotStuff that retains linear communication complexity in each view, leveraging trusted hardware to tolerate a minority of corruptions. Our result uses expander graph techniques to achieve efficient communication in a manner that may be of independent interest
Explorations in Hubble Space: A Quantitative Tuning Fork
In order to establish an objective framework for studying galaxy morphology,
we have developed a quantitative two-parameter description of galactic
structure that maps closely on to Hubble's original tuning fork. Any galaxy can
be placed in this "Hubble space", where the x-coordinate measures position
along the early-to-late sequence, while the y-coordinate measures in a
quantitative way the degree to which the galaxy is barred. The parameters
defining Hubble space are sufficiently robust to allow the formation of
Hubble's tuning fork to be mapped out to high redshifts. In the present paper,
we describe a preliminary investigation of the distribution of local galaxies
in Hubble space, based on the CCD imaging atlas of Frei et al. (1996). We find
that barred, weakly-barred, and unbarred galaxies are remarkably well-separated
on this diagnostic diagram. The spiral sequence is clearly bimodal and indeed
approximates a tuning fork: strongly-barred and unbarred spirals do not simply
constitute the extrema of a smooth unimodal distribution of bar strength, but
rather populate two parallel sequences. Strongly barred galaxies lie on a
remarkably tight sequence, strongly suggesting the presence of an underlying
unifying physical process. Rather surprisingly, weakly barred systems do not
seem to correspond to objects bridging the parameter space between unbarred and
strongly barred galaxies, but instead form an extension of the regular spiral
sequence. This relation lends support to models in which the bulges of
late-type spirals originate from secular processes driven by bars.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal. Figure 2 is too
large to be embedded in the paper, and has been included as a JPEG imag
Descriptors for Pentane-2,4-dione and Its Derivatives
We have used equations for partition coefficients of compounds from water and the gas phase to various solvents to obtain descriptors for pentane-2,4-dione and 21 of its derivatives. These descriptors can then be used to estimate further partition coefficients into a wide variety of solvents. The descriptors also yield information about the properties of pentane-2,4-dione and its derivatives. Pentane-2,4-dione and its alkyl derivatives are quite polar, with substantial hydrogen bond basicity but with no hydrogen bond acidity. In contrast 1,1,1-trifluoropentane-2,4-dione and hexafluoropentan-2,4-dione have significant hydrogen bond acidities
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The peripheral blood transcriptome in septic cardiomyopathy: an observational, pilot study.
BACKGROUND:Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) is common in sepsis and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS), measured by speckle tracking echocardiography, allows improved identification of impaired cardiac contractility. The peripheral blood transcriptome may be an important window into SCM pathophysiology. We therefore studied the peripheral blood transcriptome and LV GLS in a prospective cohort of patients with sepsis. RESULTS:In this single-center observational pilot study, we enrolled adult patients (age > 18) with sepsis within 48 h of admission to the ICU. SCM was defined as LV GLS > - 17% based on echocardiograms performed within 72 h of admission. We enrolled 27 patients, 24 of whom had high-quality RNA results; 18 (75%) of 24 had SCM. The group was 50% female and had a median (IQR) age of 59.5 (48.5-67.0) years and admission APACHE II score of 21.0 (16.0-32.3). Forty-six percent had septic shock. After filtering for low-expression and non-coding genes, 15,418 protein coding genes were expressed and 73 had significantly different expression between patients with vs. without SCM. In patients with SCM, 43 genes were upregulated and 30 were downregulated. Pathway analysis identified enrichment in type 1 interferon signaling (adjusted p < 10-5). CONCLUSIONS:In this hypothesis-generating study, SCM was associated with upregulation of genes in the type 1 interferon signaling pathway. Interferons are cytokines that stimulate the innate and adaptive immune response and are implicated in the early proinflammatory and delayed immunosuppression phases of sepsis. While type 1 interferons have not been implicated previously in SCM, interferon therapy (for viral hepatitis and Kaposi sarcoma) has been associated with reversible cardiomyopathy, perhaps suggesting a role for interferon signaling in SCM
Communication-Efficient BFT Protocols Using Small Trusted Hardware to Tolerate Minority Corruption
Agreement protocols for partially synchronous or asynchronous networks tolerate fewer than one-third Byzantine faults. If parties are equipped with trusted hardware that prevents equivocation, then fault tolerance can be improved to fewer than one-half Byzantine faults, but typically at the cost of increased communication complexity. In this work, we present results that use small trusted hardware without worsening communication complexity assuming the adversary controls a fraction of the network that is less than one-half. Our results include a version of HotStuff that retains linear communication complexity in each view and a version of the VABA protocol with quadratic communication, both leveraging trusted hardware to tolerate a minority of corruptions. Our results use expander graphs to achieve efficient communication in a manner that may be of independent interest
Structural and Kinetic Studies on Metallo-β-lactamase IMP-1
In an effort to probe for metal binding to metallo-β-lactamase (MβL) IMP-1, the enzyme was overexpressed, purified, and characterized. The resulting enzyme was shown to bind 2 equiv of Zn(II), exhibit significant catalytic activity, and yield EXAFS results similar to crystallographic data previously reported. Rapid kinetic studies showed that IMP-1 does not stabilize a nitrocefin-derived reaction intermediate; rather, the enzyme follows a simple Michaelis mechanism to hydrolyze nitrocefin. Metal-substituted and metal-reconstituted analogues of IMP-1 were prepared by directly adding metal ion stocks to metal-free enzyme, which was generated by dialysis versus EDTA. UV–vis studies on IMP-1 containing 1 equiv of Co(II) showed a strong ligand-to-metal charge transition at 340 nm, and the intensity of this feature increased when the second equivalent of Co(II) was added to the enzyme. EXAFS fits on IMP-1 containing 1 equiv of Co(II) strongly suggest the presence of a metal–metal interaction, and EPR spectra of the IMP-1 containing 1 and 2 equiv of Co(II) are very similar. Taken together, steady-state kinetic and spectroscopic studies suggest that metal binding to metal-free IMP-1 follows a positive-cooperative mode
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