Stress dependence of the magnetic properties of steels

It is well known that the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials are sensitive to microstructural and mechanical changes. Variations in applied stress, composition, and geomrtry will, either alone or in combination with each other, cause the magnetization process to change. The primary way to monitor changes in the magnetization process is to run the material or component of interest through a hysteresis cycle and plot the magnetic response on the B,H (magnetic induction, magnetic field) plane. The result is a hysteresis loop, a typical example of which is given in Figure 1.1. The figure also shows a number of parameters that are used to describe the hysteresis loop. The coercivity (Hc) ~s the magnetic field value as the induction passes through zero. The remanence (Br) is the induction value as the magnetic field passes through zero. The maximum differential permeability (μ\u27max) is the slope of the loop as it passes through the coercivity. The hysteresis loss (Wb) is the area enclosed by the loop. The initial differential permeability (μ\u27in) is the slope of the curve just at the start of magnetization from the demagnetized condition. The maximum or saturation induction (Bmax) is the largest induction value

The Effect of the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 On Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel with Respect to Taiwanese and Third-Country Parties in United States Courts

President Jimmy Carter terminated diplomatic relations be- tween the United States and the Republic of China (the ROC) or Taiwan on January 1, 1979, and Congress enacted the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 (the TRA), effective on April 10, 1979, in order to replace the former diplomatic relations. The question then arose as to whether United States courts must recognize and enforce judgments of Taiwanese courts with respect to third-country plaintiffs who have prevailed over Taiwanese defendants. If so, then such third-country plaintiffs would be able to rely on the principles of res judicata and collateral estoppel in United States courts. If not, then losing Taiwanese defendants in judgments of Taiwanese courts may reliti- gate and retry cases against winning third-country plaintiffs in judg- ments of Taiwanese courts in United States courts. An obscure New York state court case, Serano Ltd. v. Cana- dian Imperial Bank of Commerce, 287 A.D.2d 309, 731 N.Y.S.2d 25, 2001 N.Y. App. Div. (2001) (Serano),was a case of first impression to consider this question. The courts never ruled on this question, how- ever, as the case was dismissed based on the theory of forum non conveniens. This article will attempt to resolve this question by analyzing Serano and the provisions of the TRA. This article concludes that, based on the provisions of the TRA, losing defendants in judgments of Taiwanese courts may relitigate and retry cases against winning third-country plaintiffs in judgments of Taiwanese courts in United States courts. This is contrary to the principles of res judicata and collateral estoppel as ordinarily applied in United States courts. A chart is provided in this article which summarizes when United States courts will recognize and enforce judgments from courts on Taiwan and apply the principles of resjudicata and collateral estoppel as between: (1) Taiwanese natural and legal persons versus Taiwanese natural and legal persons; (2) Taiwanese natural and legal persons versus United States natural and legal persons; (3) Taiwanese natural and legal persons versus Third-Country natural and legal persons; (4) United States natural and legal persons versus Third-Country natural and legal persons; (5) Third-Country natural and legal persons versus Third-Country natural and legal persons; and (6) United States natural and legal persons versus United States natural and legal persons

Principal and Income Allocation of Stock Distributions--The Six Per Cent Rule

A productive trust is usually dynamic in two ways: the principal assets appreciate in value, and their use produces income. When the beneficial interests in such a trust are successively divided between income recipients and principal remaindermen, every payment to the trust must be characterized either as income or as an addition to principal. The most difficult categorization problems arise when the receipt is of corporate stock

Role of Peptide Backbone Conformation on Biological Activity of Chemotactic Peptides

To investigate the role of peptide backbone conformation on the biological activity of chemotactic peptides, we synthesized a unique analog of N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-OH incorporating the C α,α disubstituted residue, dipropylglycine (Dpg) in place of Leu. The conformation of the stereochemically constrained Dpg analog was examined in the crystalline state by x-ray diffraction and in solution using NMR, IR, and CD methods. The secretagogue activity of the peptide on human neutrophils was determined and compared with that of a stereochemically constrained, folded type II β-turn analog incorporating 1-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid (Ac6c) at position 2 (f-Met- Ac6c -Phe-OMe), the parent peptide (f-Met-Leu-Phe-OH) and its methyl ester derivative (f-Met-Leu-Phe-OMe). In the solid state, the Dpg analog adopts an extended β-sheet-like structure with an intramolecular hydrogen bond between the NH and CO groups of the Dpg residue, thereby forming a fully extended (C5) conformation at position 2. The ϕ and ψ values for Met and Phe residues are significantly lower than the values expected for an ideal antiparallel beta conformation causing a twist in the extended backbone both at the N and C termini. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies suggest the presence of a significant population of the peptide molecules in an extended antiparallel β conformation and the involvement of Dpg NH in a C5 intramolecular hydrogen bond in solutions of deuterated chloroform and deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide. IR studies provide evidence for the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond in the molecule and the antiparallel extended conformation in chloroform solution. CD spectra in methanol, trifluoroethanol, and trimethyl phosphate indicate that the Dpg peptide shows slight conformational flexibility, whereas the folded Ac6c analog is quite rigid. The extended Dpg peptide consistently shows the highest activity in human peripheral blood neutrophils, being approximately 8 and 16 times more active than the parent peptide and the folded Ac6c analog, respectively. However, the finding that all four peptides have ED50 (the molar concentration of peptide to induce half-maximal enzyme release) values in the 10(-8)-10(-9) M range suggests that an induced fit mechanism may indeed be important in this ligand-receptor interaction. Moreover, it is also possible that alterations in the backbone conformation at the tripeptide level may not significantly alter the side chain topography and/or the accessibility of key functional groups important for interaction with the receptor

Heart enhancers with deeply conserved regulatory activity are established early in zebrafish development.

During the phylotypic period, embryos from different genera show similar gene expression patterns, implying common regulatory mechanisms. Here we set out to identify enhancers involved in the initial events of cardiogenesis, which occurs during the phylotypic period. We isolate early cardiac progenitor cells from zebrafish embryos and characterize 3838 open chromatin regions specific to this cell population. Of these regions, 162 overlap with conserved non-coding elements (CNEs) that also map to open chromatin regions in human. Most of the zebrafish conserved open chromatin elements tested drive gene expression in the developing heart. Despite modest sequence identity, human orthologous open chromatin regions recapitulate the spatial temporal expression patterns of the zebrafish sequence, potentially providing a basis for phylotypic gene expression patterns. Genome-wide, we discover 5598 zebrafish-human conserved open chromatin regions, suggesting that a diverse repertoire of ancient enhancers is established prior to organogenesis and the phylotypic period