Social Class and attitudes towards deviants

As a new member of any group is taught the proper ways of behaving, he is also taught what the improper ways of acting are, and what the consequences and penalties are for violations of these rules. The concept of group normrefers to these standardized ways of behaving that arecharacteristic of all social groups. The discipline ofsociology deals with both notions of adherence to groupnorms, conformity, and with violations of those norms, deviance

Signal transduction protocols

Making Protein Immunoprecipitates Elaine A. Elion and Yunmei Wang Signal Transduction Inhibitors in Cellular Function Maofu Fu, Chenguang Wang, Xueping Zhang, and Richard G. Pestell Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis for the Identification of Signaling Targets Yukihito Kabuyama, Kirsi K. Polvinen, Katheryn A. Resing, and Natalie G. Ahn A High-Throughput Mammalian Cell-Based Transient Transfection Assay Daniel J. Noonan, Kenneth Henry, and Michelle L. Twaroski Determining Protein Half-Lives Pengbo Zhou Assaying Protein Kinase Activity Jan Brabek and Steven K. Hanks Comparative Phosphorylation Site Mapping From Gel-Derived Proteins Using a Multidimensional ES/MS-Based Approach Francesca Zappacosta, Michael J. Huddleston, and Roland S. Annan Studies of Calmodulin-Dependent Regulation Paul C. Brandt and Thomas C. Vanaman Measurement of Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Hogune Im, Jeffrey A. Grass, Kirby D. Johnson, Meghan E. Boyer, Jing Wu, and Emery H. Bresnick Characterization of Protein-DNA Association In Vivo by Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Laurent Kuras Nonradioactive Methods for Detecting Activation of Ras-Related Small G Proteins Douglas A. Andres Nucleocytoplasmic Glycosylation, O-GlcNAc: Identification and Site Mapping Natasha Elizabeth Zachara, Win Den Cheung, and Gerald Warren Hart Techniques in Protein Methylation Jaeho Lee, Donghang Cheng, and Mark T. Bedford Assaying Lipid Phosphate Phosphatase Activities Gil-Soo Han and George M. Carman Assaying Phosphoinositide Phosphatases Gregory S. Taylor and Jack E. Dixon Assaying Phospholipase A2 Activity Christina C. Leslie and Michael H. Gelb Measurement and Immunofluorescence of Cellular Phosphoinositides Hiroko Hama, Javad Torabinejad, Glenn D. Prestwich, and Daryll B. DeWald Measuring Dynamic Changes in cAMP Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Sandrine Evellin, Marco Mongillo, Anna Terrin, Valentina Lissandron, and Manuela Zaccolo In Vivo Detection of Protein-Protein Interaction in Plant Cells Using BRET Chitra Subramanian, Yao Xu, Carl Hirschie Johnson, and Albrecht G. von Arnim Revealing Protein Dynamics by Photobleaching Techniques Frank van Drogen and Matthias Peter Assaying Cytochrome c Translocation During Apoptosis Nigel J. Waterhouse, Rohan Steel, Ruth Kluck, and Joseph A. Trapani Inde

Stochastic Feature Selection with Distributed Feature Spacing for Hyperspectral Data

Feature subset selection is a well studied problem in machine learning. One short-coming of many methods is the selection of highly correlated features; a characteristic of hyperspectral data. A novel stochastic feature selection method with three major components is presented. First, we present an optimized feature selection method that maximizes a heuristic using a simulated annealing search which increases the chance of avoiding locally optimum solutions. Second, we exploit local cross correlation pair-wise amongst classes of interest to select suitable features for class discrimination. Third, we adopt the concept of distributed spacing from the multi-objective optimization community to distribute features across the spectrum in order to select less correlated features. The classification performance of our semi-embedded feature selection and classification method is demonstrated on a 12-class textile hyperspectral classification problem under several noise realizations. These results are compared with a variety of feature selection methods that cover a broad range of approaches. Abstract © IEE

Transition from an M1 to a Mixed Neuroinflammatory Phenotype Increases Amyloid Deposition in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

BACKGROUND: The polarization to different neuroinflammatory phenotypes has been described in early Alzheimer\u27s disease, yet the impact of these phenotypes on amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology remains unknown. Short-term studies show that induction of an M1 neuroinflammatory phenotype reduces Aβ, but long-term studies have not been performed that track the neuroinflammatory phenotype. METHODS: Wild-type and APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged 3 to 4 months received a bilateral intracranial injection of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors expressing IFNγ or green fluorescent protein in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Mice were sacrificed 4 or 6 months post-injection. ELISA measurements were used for IFNγ protein levels and biochemical levels of Aβ. The neuroinflammatory phenotype was determined through quantitative PCR. Microglia, astrocytes, and Aβ levels were assessed with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: AAV expressing IFNγ induced an M1 neuroinflammatory phenotype at 4 months and a mixed phenotype along with an increase in Aβ at 6 months. Microglial staining was increased at 6 months and astrocyte staining was decreased at 4 and 6 months in mice receiving AAV expressing IFNγ. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of IFNγ through AAV successfully induced an M1 phenotype at 4 months that transitioned to a mixed phenotype by 6 months. This transition also appeared with an increase in amyloid burden suggesting that a mixed phenotype, or enhanced expression of M2a and M2c markers, could contribute to increasing amyloid burden and disease progression

Determining the Role of IL-4 Induced Neuroinflammation in Microglial Activity and Amyloid-ß Using BV2 Microglial Cells and APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

Background Microglia are considered the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). In response to harmful stimuli, an inflammatory reaction ensues in which microglia are activated in a sequenced spectrum of pro- and antiinflammatory phenotypes that are akin to the well-characterized polarization states of peripheral macrophages. A “classically” activated M1 phenotype is known to eradicate toxicity. The transition to an “alternatively” activated M2 phenotype encompasses neuroprotection and repair. In recent years, inflammation has been considered an accompanying pathology in response to the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to drive an M2a-biased immune phenotype with IL-4 in vitro and in vivo and to determine the subsequent effects on microglial activation and Aβ pathology. Methods In vitro, exogenous IL-4 was applied to BV2 microglial cell cultures to evaluate the temporal progression of microglial responses. In vivo, intracranial injections of an adeno-associate-virus (AAV) viral vector were performed to assess long-term expression of IL-4 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of Aβ-depositing, APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the fold change in expression of biomarkers representing each of the microglial phenotypes in both the animal tissue and the BV2 cells. ELISAs quantified IL-4 expression and Aβ levels. Histological staining permitted quantification of microglial and astrocytic activity. Results Both in vitro and in vivo models showed an enhanced M2a phenotype, and the in vivo model revealed a trend toward a decreased trend in Aβ deposition. Conclusions In summary, this study offers insight into the therapeutic potential of microglial immune response in AD

From START to FINISH : the influence of osmotic stress on the cell cycle

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Evidence-based Review on the Use of Proton Therapy in Lymphoma From the Particle Therapy Cooperative Group (PTCOG) Lymphoma Subcommittee.

n/

Determining the role of IL-4 induced neuroinflammation in microglial activity and amyloid-β using BV2 microglial cells and APP/PS1 transgenic mice

Background Microglia are considered the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). In response to harmful stimuli, an inflammatory reaction ensues in which microglia are activated in a sequenced spectrum of pro- and antiinflammatory phenotypes that are akin to the well-characterized polarization states of peripheral macrophages. A “classically” activated M1 phenotype is known to eradicate toxicity. The transition to an “alternatively” activated M2 phenotype encompasses neuroprotection and repair. In recent years, inflammation has been considered an accompanying pathology in response to the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to drive an M2a-biased immune phenotype with IL-4 in vitro and in vivo and to determine the subsequent effects on microglial activation and Aβ pathology. Methods In vitro, exogenous IL-4 was applied to BV2 microglial cell cultures to evaluate the temporal progression of microglial responses. In vivo, intracranial injections of an adeno-associate-virus (AAV) viral vector were performed to assess long-term expression of IL-4 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of Aβ-depositing, APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the fold change in expression of biomarkers representing each of the microglial phenotypes in both the animal tissue and the BV2 cells. ELISAs quantified IL-4 expression and Aβ levels. Histological staining permitted quantification of microglial and astrocytic activity. Results Both in vitro and in vivo models showed an enhanced M2a phenotype, and the in vivo model revealed a trend toward a decreased trend in Aβ deposition. Conclusions In summary, this study offers insight into the therapeutic potential of microglial immune response in AD

Device-Orientation Effects on Multiple-Bit Upset in 65-nm SRAMs

Heavy ion irradiations have been performed: a) SEU varies little with angle of ion incidence b) MBU depend on the device orientation. The MBU response depends on the well orientation of the device. MRED simulation of an omni-directional GEO environment shows the MBU response to be a combination of response from different orientations. Testing and simulation must account for multiple orientations

PET Imaging of Soluble Yttrium-86-Labeled Carbon Nanotubes in Mice

The potential medical applications of nanomaterials are shaping the landscape of the nanobiotechnology field and driving it forward. A key factor in determining the suitability of these nanomaterials must be how they interface with biological systems. Single walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) are being investigated as platforms for the delivery of biological, radiological, and chemical payloads to target tissues. CNT are mechanically robust graphene cylinders comprised of sp(2)-bonded carbon atoms and possessing highly regular structures with defined periodicity. CNT exhibit unique mechanochemical properties that can be exploited for the development of novel drug delivery platforms. In order to evaluate the potential usefulness of this CNT scaffold, we undertook an imaging study to determine the tissue biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of prototypical DOTA-functionalized CNT labeled with yttrium-86 and indium-111 ((86)Y-CNT and (111)In-CNT, respectively) in a mouse model.The (86)Y-CNT construct was synthesized from amine-functionalized, water-soluble CNT by covalently attaching multiple copies of DOTA chelates and then radiolabeling with the positron-emitting metal-ion, yttrium-86. A gamma-emitting (111)In-CNT construct was similarly prepared and purified. The constructs were characterized spectroscopically, microscopically, and chromatographically. The whole-body distribution and clearance of yttrium-86 was characterized at 3 and 24 hours post-injection using positron emission tomography (PET). The yttrium-86 cleared the blood within 3 hours and distributed predominantly to the kidneys, liver, spleen and bone. Although the activity that accumulated in the kidney cleared with time, the whole-body clearance was slow. Differential uptake in these target tissues was observed following intravenous or intraperitoneal injection.The whole-body PET images indicated that the major sites of accumulation of activity resulting from the administration of (86)Y-CNT were the kidney, liver, spleen, and to a much less extent the bone. Blood clearance was rapid and could be beneficial in the use of short-lived radionuclides in diagnostic applications