Planning Chaos: The Foundations and Organization of the 1381 Peasants\u27 Revolt

On May 30, 1381, a newly recruited tax commissioner summoned several English townships to pay their dues. Within the space of a week, the working classes of southeast England revolted against the actions of officials whom they perceived as enemies of their king, Richard II, the first of many events which comprised the Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. While source matter on the Peasants’ Revolt has its limitations, and we have not been able to access all of the original literature from the time of the revolt, we do have enough information for an informed inquiry into exactly how the rebellion was organized and what roles the leaders played. I mean to explore the ways in which the peasants’ revolt was more than a reaction to taxes, and was instead an organized resistance to the perceived perversions of the law and its enforcers, both secular and religious, resentment against which had accumulated for decades. I will also explore how the rise and fall of organizer Wat Tyler impacted the revolt’s successes and failures in attaining its goals

An Analytical Expression for the Non-Singlet Structure Functions at Small xx in the Double Logarithmic Approximation

A simple analytic expression for the non-singlet structure function $f_{NS}$ is given. The expression is derived from the result of Ref. [1] obtained by low $x$ resummation of the quark ladder diagrams in the double logarithmic approximation of perturbative QCD.Comment: 5 pages, A few comments and refs are adde

Ethylene glycol: an estimate of tolerable levels of exposure based on a review of animal and human data

Upon ingestion ethylene glycol (EG, monoethylene glycol) is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, and depending on the severity of exposure signs of toxicity may progress through three stages. Neurological effects characterize the first step consisting of central nervous depression (intoxication, lethargy, seizures, and coma). The second stage, usually 12-24h after ingestion, is characterized by metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of acidic metabolites of EG, primarily glycolic acid (GA), contributing to the ensuing osmolal and anion gaps. Stage 3, generally 24-72h after ingestion, is determined mainly by oxalic acid excretion, nephropathy, and eventual renal failure. Because the toxicity of EG is mediated principally through its metabolites, adequate analytical methods are essential to provide the information necessary for diagnosis and therapeutic management. The severe metabolic acidosis and multiple organ failure caused by ingestion of high doses of EG is a medical emergency that usually requires immediate measures to support respiration, correct the electrolyte imbalance, and initiate hemodialysis. Since metabolic acidosis is not specific to EG, whenever EG intoxication is suspected, every effort should be made to determine EG as well as its major metabolite GA in plasma to confirm the diagnosis and to institute special treatment without delay. A number of specific and sensitive analytical methods (GC, GC-MS, or HPLC) are available for this purpose. Due to the rapid metabolism of EG, the plasma concentration of GA may be higher than that of EG already upon admission. As toxicity is largely a consequence of metabolism of EG to GA and oxalic acid, the simultaneous quantification of EG and GA is important. Formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate in the urine may be a useful indicator of developing oxalate nephrosis although urine crystals can result without renal injury. The pathways involved in the metabolism of EG are qualitatively similar in humans and laboratory animals, although quantitative differences have been reported. Comparison between species is difficult, however, because the information on humans is derived mainly from acute poisoning cases whereas the effects of repeated exposures have been investigated in animal experiments. Based on published data the minimum human lethal dose of EG has been estimated at approx. 100ml for a 70-kg adult or 1.6g/kg body weight (calculation of dose in ml/kg to mg/kg based in EG density=1.11g/l). However, human data from case reports are generally insufficient for the determination of a clear dose-response relationship and quantification of threshold doses for systemic toxicity, in particular renal effects, is limited. As toxicity is largely a consequence of metabolism of EG to GA, it is important to note that no signs of renal injury have developed at initial plasma glycolate concentrations of up to 10.1mM (76.7mg/dl). Plasma EG levels of 3.2mM (20mg/dl) are considered the threshold of toxicity for systemic exposure, if therapeutic strategy is based on the EG concentration alon

Изучение процессов осадконакопления с помощью цепей Маркова

Two femtosecond Ti:sapphire lasers with slightly different repetition rates near 1 GHz are coupled to implement high-speed asynchronous optical sampling. The application of this technique is successfully demonstrated in the field of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS). A time delay of 1 ns is scanned at a frequency of 5 kHz without moving mechanical parts. Compared with that of conventional TDS schemes based on lock-m detection and moving mirrors, the readout time of integrated resonant THz sensors is reduced by a factor of 20, opening the way for high-throughput THz sensing in marker-free DNA analysis

Синтез новых азотсодержащих соединений на основе бетулина и мочевин

High-speed asynchronous optical sampling is used for the rapid and precise determination of transmission resonances of terahertz surface sensors based on asymmetric double split ring resonator arrays. The sensor response represented by a characteristic resonant frequency is determined to 0.66113 THz with an accuracy of +325 MHz within 2 seconds of read-out time

Competing Theories of Blackmail: An Empirical Research Critique of Criminal Law Theory

Blackmail, a wonderfully curious offense, is the favorite of clever criminal law theorists. It criminalizes the threat to do something that would not be criminal if one did it. There exists a rich literature on the issue, with many prominent legal scholars offering their accounts. Each theorist has his own explanation as to why the blackmail offense exists. Most theories seek to justify the position that blackmail is a moral wrong and claim to offer an account that reflects widely shared moral intuitions. But the theories make widely varying assertions about what those shared intuitions are, while also lacking any evidence to support the assertions. This Article summarizes the results of an empirical study designed to test the competing theories of blackmail to see which best accords with prevailing sentiment. Using a variety of scenarios designed to isolate and test the various criteria different theorists have put forth as “the” key to blackmail, this study reveals which (if any) of the various theories of blackmail proposed to date truly reflects laypeople’s moral judgment. Blackmail is not only a common subject of scholarly theorizing, but also a common object of criminal prohibition. Every American jurisdiction criminalizes blackmail, although there is considerable variation in its formulation. The Article reviews the American statutes and describes the three general approaches these provisions reflect. The empirical study of lay intuitions also allows an assessment of which of these statutory approaches (if any) captures the community’s views, thereby illuminating the extent to which existing law generates results that resonate with, or deviate from, popular moral sentiment. The analyses provide an opportunity to critique the existing theories of blackmail and to suggest a refined theory that best expresses lay intuitions. The present project also reveals the substantial conflict between community views and much existing legislation, indicating recommendations for legislative reform. Finally, the Article suggests lessons that such studies and their analyses offer for criminal law and theory

Ultralow phase noise microwave generation with an Er:fiber-based optical frequency divider

We present an optical frequency divider based on a 200 MHz repetition rate Er:fiber mode-locked laser that, when locked to a stable optical frequency reference, generates microwave signals with absolute phase noise that is equal to or better than cryogenic microwave oscillators. At 1 Hz offset from a 10 GHz carrier, the phase noise is below -100 dBc/Hz, limited by the optical reference. For offset frequencies > 10 kHz, the phase noise is shot noise limited at -145 dBc/Hz. An analysis of the contribution of the residual noise from the Er:fiber optical frequency divider is also presented.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure