The quality of price formation at market openings and closings: evidence from the Nasdaq stock market

Central counterparties (CCPs) have increasingly become a cornerstone of financial markets infrastructure. We present a model where trades are time-critical, liquidity is limited and there is limited enforcement of trades. We show a CCP novating trades implements efficient trading behaviour. It is optimal for the CCP to face default losses to achieve the efficient level of trade. To cover these losses, the CCP optimally uses margin calls, and, as the default problem becomes more severe, also requires default funds and then imposes position limits

Cities and States Fiscal Structure

Examines state and local fiscal structures and how each state restricts the scope of municipal authority over taxes, revenues, spending, and state aid -- and limits the flexibility with which municipalities can fund economic development activities

City Fiscal Conditions 2015: 30th Anniversary

This year marks the 30th edition of the City Fiscal Conditions survey of city finance officers. Based on the rich historical data accumulated over three business cycles, this year's report provides an important retrospective and comparative analysis of fiscal impacts resulting from the 1990, 2001 and 2007 recessions, in addition to our annual analysis of current fiscal conditions. In 2015, the fiscal condition of U.S. cities continues to show modest improvement. City finance officers are more optimistic than ever, driven largely by an expansion of General Fund revenues. These recent gains, however, have not been substantial enough to restore the revenue declines of the six years prior. When compared to the 1990 and 2001 recessions, it is clear that the fiscal impacts of the 2007 recession are much more substantial, both in terms of depth and duration

City Fiscal Conditions 2016

In the wake of a slow recovery, the fiscal condition of U.S. cities is strengthening. The nation's city finance officers widely report improved fiscal health, driven by better-than-anticipated General Fund revenue growth and solid performance of ending balances.Each year, the National League of Cities surveys city finance officers about actual and budgeted revenues and expenditures as well as policy actions and priorities. Taken together, their responses provide a snapshot of the "average city" within the municipal sector

Encyclopedia of Case Study Research

Michael Pagano is a contributing author Healthcare Practice Guidelines and Case Studies . Book description: The Encyclopedia of Case Study Research provides a compendium on the important methodological issues in conducting case study research and explores both the strengths and weaknesses of different paradigmatic approaches. These two volumes focus on the distinctive characteristics of case study research and its place within and alongside other research methodologies.https://digitalcommons.fairfield.edu/communications-books/1008/thumbnail.jp

Liquidity, Markets and Trading in Action

This open access book addresses four standard business school subjects: microeconomics, macroeconomics, finance and information systems as they relate to trading, liquidity, and market structure. It provides a detailed examination of the impact of trading costs and other impediments of trading that the authors call “frictions”. It also presents an interactive simulation model of equity market trading, TraderEx, that enables students to implement trading decisions in different market scenarios and structures. Addressing these topics shines a bright light on how a real-world financial market operates, and the simulation provides students with an experiential learning opportunity that is informative and fun. Each of the chapters is designed so that it can be used as a stand-alone module in an existing economics, finance, or information science course. Instructor resources such as discussion questions, Powerpoint slides and TraderEx exercises are available online

Cooperation between CYB5R3 and NOX4 via coenzyme Q mitigates endothelial inflammation

NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) regulates endothelial inflammation by producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to a lesser extent O2•-. The ratio of NOX4-derived H2O2 and O2•- can be altered by coenzyme Q (CoQ) mimics. Therefore, we hypothesize that cytochrome b5 reductase 3 (CYB5R3), a CoQ reductase abundant in vascular endothelial cells, regulates inflammatory activation. To examine endothelial CYB5R3 in vivo, we created tamoxifen-inducible endothelium-specific Cyb5r3 knockout mice (R3 KO). Radiotelemetry measurements of systolic blood pressure showed systemic hypotension in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) challenged mice, which was exacerbated in R3 KO mice. Meanwhile, LPS treatment caused greater endothelial dysfunction in R3 KO mice, evaluated by acetylcholine-induced vasodilation in the isolated aorta, accompanied by elevated mRNA expression of vascular adhesion molecule 1 (Vcam-1). Similarly, in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), LPS and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) induced VCAM-1 protein expression was enhanced by Cyb5r3 siRNA, which was ablated by silencing the Nox4 gene simultaneously. Moreover, super-resolution confocal microscopy indicated mitochondrial co-localization of CYB5R3 and NOX4 in HAECs. APEX2-based electron microscopy and proximity biotinylation also demonstrated CYB5R3's localization on the mitochondrial outer membrane and its interaction with NOX4, which was further confirmed by the proximity ligation assay. Notably, Cyb5r3 knockdown HAECs showed less total H2O2 but more mitochondrial O2•-. Using inactive or non-membrane bound active CYB5R3, we found that CYB5R3 activity and membrane translocation are needed for optimal generation of H2O2 by NOX4. Lastly, cells lacking the CoQ synthesizing enzyme COQ6 showed decreased NOX4-derived H2O2, indicating a requirement for endogenous CoQ in NOX4 activity. In conclusion, CYB5R3 mitigates endothelial inflammatory activation by assisting in NOX4-dependent H2O2 generation via CoQ.This work was supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01 awards [R01 HL 133864 (A.C.S), R01 HL 128304 (A.C.S), R01 HL 149825 (A.C.S), R01 HL 153532 (A.C.S), R01 GM 125944 (F.J.S.), R01 DK 112854 (F.J.S.), 1S10OD021540-01 (Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh), 1S10RR019003-01 (Simon Watkins (S.W.)), 1S10RR025488-01 (S.W.), 1S10RR016236-01 (S.W)]. American Heart Association (AHA) [Established Investigator Award 19EIA34770095 (A.C.S.)], Post-doctoral Fellowship 19POST34410028 (S.Y.)]. American Society of Hematology (ASH) Minority Hematology Graduate Award (A.M.D-O.). Junta de Andalucía grant BIO-177 (P.N.), the FEDER Funding Program from the European Union and Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities grant RED2018-102576-T (P.N.)