Perforating veins of the shin in human foetuses

There are 3 groups of perforating veins of the shin: the medial, the lateral and the internal sural perforating veins. Dysfunction of these veins is one of the main factors in venous hypertension. There is a lack of data in the literature concerning perforating veins of the shin in human foetuses. The aim of this study was identification of the perforating veins of the shin in human prenatal development. The material examined included 88 human lower limbs of foetuses (21 males and 23 females) aged from 16 to 38 weeks of intra-uterine life. The perforating veins were dissected under a steromicroscope. The number of perforating veins was analysed in relation to the sex of the foetus and the side of a body. In our study perforating veins of the shin did not show sexual or syntopic dimorphism. Between 2 and 6 Cockett’s perforating veins were constantly present. Of these veins 80% divided into ascending and descending branches. Fibular perforating veins were found more often (90.9%) than Boyd’s perforating veins (21.6%). Between 1 and 3 fibular perforating veins were observed but in 9% of cases they were entirely absent

The cystic artery in human foetuses

The cystic artery varies in origin, course and number and it is important to recognise it during operative procedure. Insufficient recognition of its anatomical variation may contribute to a dangerous situation, especially during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. To prevent iatrogenic injuries of the vessels and bile ducts, correct preparation with clear identification of the anatomic structures is essential. Special attention must be given to the course of the cystic artery through the hepato-billiary triangle (Calot`s triangle). The assumption of the present study was recognition of the vasculature of the gallbladder in human foetuses. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the origin of the cystic artery and its relation to Calot’s triangle. In this study the cystic artery was most often (97.06%) a single vessel and only in one case (2.94%) was it a double vessel. It arose most often (82.34%) from the right proper hepatic artery, rarely from its trunk (8.82%) or its left branch (5.88%) and most rarely (2.94%) from the gastroduodenal artery. In all but one case the cystic artery coursed within Calot’s triangle. Its exceptional course out of Calot’s triangle concerned a cystic artery originating from the gastroduodenal artery (2.94%). The cystic artery most frequently (67.66%) runs behind the common hepatic duct, rarely (29.40%) over the common hepatic duct and most rarely (2.94%) on the left side of the cystic duct. In the material examined the cystic artery was not observed running in front of the common hepatic duct. The short type of cystic artery trunk (52.93%) was observed more frequently than the long one (44.13%)

Volumetric growth of the lungs in human fetuses: an anatomical, hydrostatic and statistical study

PURPOSE: The prenatal assessment of lung volume is becoming increasingly important in determining survival in both preterm infants and newborns affected by pulmonary hypoplasia. This study aimed to examine the lung volumes in the human fetus at varying gestational ages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using anatomical, hydrostatic (water displacement according to Archimedes’ patent) and statistical methods (one-way ANOVA test for paired data and post-hoc Bonferroni test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Levene’s test, Student’s t test, regression analysis), volumes of the right and left lungs were measured in 67 human fetuses of both sexes (35 males, 32 females) aged 16–25 weeks, derived from spontaneous abortions and stillbirths. RESULTS: No male–female differences concerning the right and left pulmonary volumes were found. The mean volume of the right lung increased from 1.43 ± 0.25 to 8.45 ± 2.66 cm(3), according to the cubic function y = –1.592 + 0.0007 × age(3) ± 0.851 (R(2) = 0.84). The volumetric growth of the left lung, from 1.24 ± 0.22 to 6.78 ± 3.03 cm(3), followed the cubic model y = –1.110 + 0.0005 × age(3) ± 0.794 (R(2) = 0.78). The total pulmonary volume increased from 2.67 ± 0.47 to 15.22 ± 5.58 cm(3), in accordance with the cubic model y = –2.729 + 0.0012 × age(3) ± 1.598 (R(2) = 0.83). The mean volumes of the right and left lungs accounted for 54.9 ± 2.0 and 45.1 ± 2.0 %, respectively, of the total lung volume. CONCLUSIONS: No sex differences are found between the lung volumes in the fetus. The growth of fetal lung volume follows a three-degree polynomial function. Throughout the analyzed period the two lungs grow proportionately to each other, with the volumetric predominance of the right lung. The lung volumes in the fetus are of great relevance in the evaluation of the normal pulmonary growth and the diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia

The internal thoracic artery in human foetuses

The aim of this study was to examine the internal thoracic artery (ITA) in human foetuses. The research material consisted of 32 human foetuses (18 female, 14 male) from the 21st to 24th week of intrauterine life. After intravascular injection with white latex LBS 3060, the foetuses were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution. The whole course of the ITA was prepared. Photographic documentation was performed with a Nikon Coolpix 4500 digital camera, and source pictures of arteries were rendered in a Digital Computer System Analysis. The ITA was evaluated with regard to its origin, length, distance from the edge of the sternum to two intercostal spaces (2nd, 5th) and division into terminal branches. The right ITA (RITA) arose from the ascending (68.7%), arcuate (21.9%) and descending (3.2%) parts of the subclavian artery. In other cases (6.2%) it was a branch of the thyrocervical trunk. The left ITA (LITA) was a branch of the ascending (78.1%) and arcuate (21.9%) parts of the subclavian artery. The ITA was longer in male foetuses. Regardless of sex, the LITA was longer than the RITA. Coefficient correlation between the RITA and LITA was 0.92 (p < 0.001). The distance of the ITA from the edge of sternum in the 2nd and 5th intercostal spaces on both sides was greater in females. It appeared most frequently in the 6th space (43.7% right-sided and 56.3% left-sided). Typical bifurcation of the ITA into the superior epigastric artery and the musculophrenic artery was observed in 78.1% of cases on the right side and in 81.25% of cases on the left side

Variability of the azygos vein system in human foetuses

The aim of the study was to examine the variability of the azygos vein system and to determine the location of the veins with reference to the vertebral midline and the skeletopy of their termination. The research material consisted of 32 human foetuses (14 male, 18 female) from 21st to 24th week of intrauterine life, fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution. Conventional anatomical - radiographic methods were used. 5 different configurations of the azygos vein system were found. In the 1st configuration there were 3 azygos veins, with both the left side veins, the hemiazygos vein (HV) and the hemiazygos accessory vein (HAV), joining the azygos vein (AV) separately. In the 2nd configuration the HV and the HAV were joined to the AV together. In the 3rd configuration the HAV was missing, and the 4th to 8th left intercostal veins were joined to the AV separately. In the 4th configuration the HV was missing. In the 5th configuration there was the AV only, which coursed along the vertebral midline. In these 4 configurations (1&#8211;4) the AV was located on the right side (90.6%) and in the 5th configuration the AV was located in the vertebral midline. The termination of the AV projected mostly on Th4 (81.25%). The junction of the HV and the AV was found the most frequently at Th8 (35.7%), and the junction of the HAV and AV most frequently at Th4 (41.6%)

Poczucie własnej skuteczności a zachowania zdrowotne = Self-efficacy and health behawior

Baumgart Mariusz, Szpinda Michał, Radzimińska Agnieszka, Goch Aleksander,  Zukow Walery. Poczucie własnej skuteczności a zachowania zdrowotne = Self-efficacy and health behawior. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(8):226-235. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.28074http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.28074http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%288%29%3A226-235https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/607775Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja.Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie.Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r.The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014).© The Author (s) 2015;This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, PolandOpen Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercialuse, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.Received: 05.06.2015. Revised 15.07.2015. Accepted: 12.08.2015. Poczucie własnej skuteczności a zachowania zdrowotneSelf-efficacy and health behavior Mariusz Baumgart1, Michał Szpinda1, Agnieszka Radzimińska2, Aleksander Goch2, Walery Zukow3 1. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Katedra i Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej, Bydgoszcz, Polska2. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Katedra Fizjoterapii, Bydgoszcz, Polska3. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, Bydgoszcz, Polska, Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki Autor do korespondencjidr. n.med. Mariusz Baumgarte-mail: [email protected] Streszczenie WstępCzynnikiem mającym ogromny wpływ na nasze zdrowie jest styl życia. Elementami składowymi stylu życia są różne kategorie zachowań ludzkich, w tym także zachowania zdrowotne. Czynnikiem determinującym wiele aspektów ludzkiego zachowania jest poczucie własnej skuteczności.Materiał i MetodyBadaniami objęto 150 osób (84 kobiety i 66 mężczyzn) w wieku 20 – 37 lat (średnia wieku 27,95, SD=5,02). W badaniach wykorzystano Inwentarz Zachowań Zdrowotnych (IZZ) i Skalę Uogólnionej Własnej Skuteczności (GSES).Wyniki Wykazano istotną statystycznie (p&lt;0,05) dodatnią korelację między wynikami wszystkich kategorii kwestionariusza IZZ i skali GSES. Słowa kluczowe: zachowania zdrowotne, poczucie własnej skuteczności. SummaryIntroductionThe factor that had a huge impact on our health is a lifestyle. The components of lifestyle are different categories of human behavior, including health behaviors. The factor which determines many aspects of human behavior is self-efficacy.Material and MethodsThe study involved 150 people (84 women and 66 men) aged 20 - 37 years (mean age 27.95, SD = 5.02). The study used the Health Behaviour Inventory and Generalized Self Efficacy Scale.ResultsIt has been shown statistically significant (p &lt;0.05) positive correlation between the results of all categories IZZ questionnaire and GSES. Key words: health behavior, self-efficacy

Popromienne zapalenie skóry — zasady postępowania

Mimo znacznego postępu, jaki dokonał się w radioterapii onkologicznej, powikłanie w postaci popromiennego zapalenia skóry było i nadal jest poważnym problemem, z którym spotykamy się u pacjentów kierowanych do opieki paliatywnej z ośrodków onkologicznych. Rozwój stanu zapalnego nie tylko pogarsza jakość życia, ale niekiedy ze względu na lokalizację i nasilenie objawów jest przyczyną przerwania cyklu radioterapii. W pracy przedstawiono szereg czynników predysponujących do rozwoju, bądź nasilenia odczynu, oraz omówiono sposoby postępowania w różnych stopniach nasilenia odczynu zapalnego

The usage of gel with morphine in treatment of painful malignant ulcers. The description of the case

Owrzodzenia nowotworowe stanowią istotny problem w opiece nad terminalnie chorymi. Jednym z głównych problemów zgłaszanych przez pacjentów jest ból, który często nie reaguje na zastosowaną terapię przeciwbólową. W pracy przedstawiono przypadek pacjentki, u której zastosowanie żelu z morfiną spowodowało ustąpienie dolegliwości bólowych w obrębie owrzodzenia skóry podbrzusza i krocza. W trakcie leczenia nie zaobserwowano objawów ubocznych. W dyskusji przedstawiono mechanizm obwodowego działania opioidów oraz możliwości miejscowego zastosowania morfiny w guzach naciekających skórę, owrzodzeniach jamy ustnej, a także w podrażnieniu i skurczu pęcherza moczowego u dzieci.Malignant ulceration is an important problem in care of terminal patients. One of the main problem reported by them is the pain which barely reacts to the pain treatment. In the review there has been presented the case of the patient who experienced receding pain ailments within skin ulceration of abdomen and crotch after applying gel with morphine. Systemic effects have not been observed during the treatment process. The mechanisms of peripheral opioid effects and potential usage of topical opioids have been discussed

The effect of submaximal exercise preceded by single whole-body cryotherapy on the markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in blood of volleyball players

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of single whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) session applied prior to submaximal exercise on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, the concentration of lipid peroxidation products, total oxidative status, and the level of cytokines in blood of volleyball players. The study group consisted of 18 male professional volleyball players, who were subjected to extremely cold air (−130∘C) prior to exercise performed on cycloergometer. Blood samples were taken five times: before WBC, after WBC procedure, after exercise preceded by cryotherapy (WBC exercise), and before and after exercise without WBC (control exercise). The activity of catalase statistically significantly increased after control exercise. Moreover, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase was lower after WBC exercise than after control exercise (P<0.001). After WBC exercise, the level of IL-6 and IL-1β was also lower (P<0.001) than after control exercise. The obtained results may suggest that cryotherapy prior to exercise may have some antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The relations between the level of studied oxidative stress and inflammatory markers may testify to the contribution of reactive oxygen species in cytokines release into the blood system in response to exercise and WBC

Quantitative anatomy of the growing supraspinatus muscle in the human fetus

The supraspinatus muscle, one of the four rotator cuff muscles, initiates abduction of the arm, simultaneously stretching the articular capsule at the glenohumeral joint, and also contributes to exorotation of the arm. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the age-specific normative values for morphometric parameters of the supraspinatus muscle in human fetuses at varying ages and to elaborate their growth models. Using anatomical dissection, digital  image analysis (NIS Elements AR 3.0) and statistics (Student’s t-test, regression analysis), the length, width, circumference and projection surface area of the supraspinatus muscle were measured in 34 human fetuses of both sexes (16♂, 18♀) aged 18–30 weeks of gestation. Neither sex nor laterality differences were found in numerical data of the supraspinatus muscle. In the supraspinatus muscle its length and projection surface area increased logarithmically, while its width and circumference grew proportionately to gestational age. The following growth models of the supraspinatus muscle were established: y = –71.382 + 30.972 × ln(Age) ± 0.565 for length, y = –2.988 + 0.386 × Age ± 0.168 for greatest width (perpendicular to superior angle of scapula), y = –1.899 + 0.240 × Age ± 0.078 for width perpendicular to the scapular notch, y = –19.7016 + 3.381 × Age ± 2.036 for circumference, and y = –721.769 + 266.141 × ln(Age) ± 6.170 for projection surface area. The supraspinatus muscle reveals neither sex nor laterality differences in its size. The supraspinatus muscle grows logarithmically with reference to its length and projection surface area, and proportionately with respect to its width and circumference