RECONSIDERAÃÃES SOBRE O âANDARâ NA OBSERVAÃÃO E COMPREENSÃO DO ESPAÃO URBANO

<meta content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" http-equiv="content-type"> (45) 06 Mich&egrave;le Jol&eacute; <span style="text-transform: uppercase; color: black;"> Este artigo parte de um fato surpreendente: ap&oacute;s dezenas de anos, profissionais das ci&ecirc;ncias sociais, do meio art&iacute;stico, do urbanismo se encontram para fazer da &ldquo;marcha coletiva&rdquo; um instrumento de conhecimento da<span style="">&nbsp; cidade. De uma pr&aacute;tica absolutamente trivial<span style="">&nbsp; (passear, visita guiada) eles tentam fazer disto um instrumento sistematizado ou ao menos de conhecimento refletido ou de cria&ccedil;&atilde;o, segundo o objetivo visado. Essas converg&ecirc;ncias levam <span class="GramE">&agrave;&nbsp; interroga&ccedil;&otilde;es sobre o futuro das cidades e sobre&nbsp; as rela&ccedil;&otilde;es que cada um de n&oacute;s - intelectuais, artistas, urbanistas ou citadino comum-, mantemos com elas. Apesar da diversidade de formas que a &ldquo;marcha coletiva&rdquo; possa tomar, para aqueles que se servem dela com vistas a&nbsp; fazer as pessoas agirem conjuntamente e partilharem uma experi&ecirc;ncia comum ela permite: mudar o que foi percebido, no momento em que eles percebem e fazer isto no &acirc;mbito p&uacute;blico. <span style="text-transform: uppercase; color: black;"> Palavras-chave: marcha coletiva, dupla cognitiva, p&uacute;blico, cidade, produ&ccedil;&atilde;o. <b style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0pt;" lang="EN-US">ReconsideratIONS ON A &ldquo;walk&rdquo; to observe and understand the urban space<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><i style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt;" lang="EN-US">Mich&egrave;le Jol&eacute;<span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">&nbsp; &nbsp; <br style="font-family: Arial;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">This paper is based on a surprising fact. After tens of years, social sciences professionals, urbanists and artists got together to transform the &ldquo;collective march&rdquo; into an instrument of knowledge of the city. From a very trivial practice (walk, guided tour), they aim at making a systematized instrument of the knowledge reflected or created, according to the proposed objective. These convergences lead to questionings on the future of the cities and on the relationships that each one of us &ndash; intellectuals, artists, urbanists or simple residents of the city establish with them. Despite the diversity of shapes that the &ldquo;collective march&rdquo; can assume, for those who use it to make people act together and share a common experience, it enables to change what was perceived at the moment of perception and within the public scope.<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US"> Key word<span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0pt; font-family: Arial;" lang="EN-US">: collective march, cognitive pairs, public, city, production.<span style="font-family: Arial;"> <span style="line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US"><span style="text-transform: uppercase; color: black;" lang="EN-US"> <span style="text-transform: uppercase; color: black;" lang="EN-US">Reconsid&eacute;rer la marche pour observer et comprendre l&rsquo;espace urbain <span style="color: black;" lang="EN-US">Mich&egrave;le Jol&eacute;<span style="color: black;" lang="EN-US"> Cet article part d&rsquo;un &eacute;tonnement&nbsp;: depuis une dizaine d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es, les sciences sociales, les milieux artistiques, les milieux professionnels de l&rsquo;urbanisme se retrouvent pour faire de la marche collective un outil d&rsquo;exploration de la ville. D&rsquo;une pratique somme toute banale (promenade, visite guid&eacute;e...), ils tentent d&rsquo;en faire un outil syst&eacute;matis&eacute; ou tout au moins r&eacute;fl&eacute;chi de connaissance ou de cr&eacute;ation&nbsp;selon l&rsquo;objectif vis&eacute;. Ces convergences renvoient aux interrogations plus ou moins heureuses sur le devenir des villes et sur les relations que nous entretenons avec elles, savant, artiste, urbaniste ou citadin ordinaire. Malgr&eacute; la diversit&eacute; des formes qu&rsquo;elle peut prendre, la marche collective pour ceux qui s&rsquo;en servent a la force de mettre en action des gens ensemble et de leur faire partager une exp&eacute;rience commune: &eacute;changer sur ce qu&rsquo;ils per&ccedil;oivent au moment o&ugrave; ils le per&ccedil;oivent et faire public. <span style="text-transform: uppercase; color: black; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US"> Mots-clef<span style="color: black; line-height: 150%;" lang="EN-US">: marche collective, couple cognitif, public, ville, oeuvre. Publica&ccedil;&atilde;o Online do Caderno CRH: <a href="http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br/">http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br &nbsp; &nbsp; </html

Effects of yeast proteolytic activity on Oenococcus oeni and malolactic fermentation

International audienceAlcoholic fermentation of synthetic must was performed using either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or a mutant Delta pep4, which is deleted for the proteinase A gene. Fermentation with the mutant Delta pep4 resulted in 61% lower levels of free amino acids, and in 62% lower peptide concentrations at the end of alcoholic fermentation than in the control. Qualitative differences in amino acid composition were observed. Changes observed in amino acids in peptides were mainly quantitative. After alcoholic fermentation each medium was inoculated with Oenococcus oeni. Malolactic fermentation in the medium with the Delta pep4 strain took 10 days longer than the control. This difference may have been due to a difference in the nitrogen composition of the two media. Free amino acids and amino acids in peptides were poorly consumed by O. oeni. Thus, the qualitative aspects of nitrogen composition, which depend in part on yeast metabolism, may be a determinant for the optimal growth of O. oeni in wine