Genom Editing of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Using CRISPR-Cas9 System: A Review Study

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important yeast has been exploited for a long time to produce alcohol or bread. Moreover, genetically engineered S. cerevisiae cells continue to be used as cell factories for production of biofuels, pharmaceutical proteins and food additives. Genetically modified strain of S. cerevisiae created using traditional methods is laborious and time consuming. Recently, originally an immune system in archaea and bacteria, Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats “CRISPR” and CRISPR-associated “Cas” have been used exploited  as a flexible tool for genome editing. Until now, this tool has been applied to many organisms including yeast. Here, we review the importance of S. cerevisiae as an industrial platform and the use of CRISPR/Cas system and its applications in research and industry of this yeast. &nbsp

In vitro, Study of The Effect of Four Plant Aqueous Extracts on The Growth of Some Candida Species recovered from the stool samples of infants.

Abstract:                                                                                                                                                                              A total of (32) stool samples of infants, complaining from diarrhea were included in this study. All of them diagnosed as fungal infections by making a routine and confirmative diagnostic processes, after primary isolation of Candida species, the results reveal that :  12 (37.5%) of isolates were Candida albicans, 11 (34.4%) of  isolates were Candida tropicalis  and 3 (9.4%) of each isolate of Candida globrata, Candida cruzei and Candida parapsilosis. Five isolates from each one of  C. albicans and C. tropicalis were chosen randomly for studying of sensitivity of these isolates to four plant’s aqueous extracts, the extracts which were (Pimpinella anisum leaves, Matrecaria chamomilla flowers, Camellia sinensis leaves and Citrus aurantifolia fruits peels), their Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were studied by using the dilution method by Sabouraud Dextrose Broth .The results show the MIC of  Pimpinella anisum (Leaves) aqueous extracts was (6.25 ) mcg / ml., and the MFC were (12.5) mcg / ml.,  the MIC of Matrecaria chamomilla (Flowers) aqueous extracts was (12.5) mcg / ml.,  and the MFC were (25) mcg/ml , While the rest plants aqueous extracts of (Camellia sinensis (Leaves), Citrus aurantifolia (Fruit Peels) ) were results have no or very little antifungal activities in all the isolates, so there were not  MIC and  MFC for it .A second method was used to test the antifungal activity of the same four plant’s aqueous extracts by the agar well diffusion method, and the results showed that the diameters of inhibition zones were increased when the concentrations of extracts were increased .This method was the best in explanation of results of sensitivity tests.  Results demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of P. anisum (Leaves) and M. chamomilla (Flowers) Produced inhibition zone against C. albicans at (25, 50 and100 mcg /ml ) concentrations, While the other aqueous extracts of plant under study reveal a very little or no inhibition zones at (25, 50 and100 mcg /ml ) concentrations. When comparison of the plant aqueous extracts with both standard antifungal drugs of Ketoconazole and Amphotericin B under study, I found that the aqueous extracts of P. anisum (Leaves) and M. chamomilla (Flowers) were more antifungal effective than other aqueous extracts of plants under research at (100 mcg /ml) concentration for both, and detected also that aqueous extracts of M.chamomilla (Flowers) followed by  P.anisum (Leaves)  were more antifungal effective than other aqueous extracts of plants under research  at (25 mcg /ml) concentration for both.  In comparison with Amphotericin B, I detected that the aqueous extracts of M. chamomilla (Flowers) was more antifungal effective than other aqueous extracts of plants under research at (50 mcg /ml) concentration for both. And in comparison with ketoconazole, I found that the aqueous extract of M. chamomilla (Flowers) was more antifungal effective than other aqueous extracts of plants under research at (50 mcg /ml) concentration for both.Key words: Plant Aqueous Extract, Candida Species, Candida albican