On the numerical solution of Volterra integral equations on equispaced nodes

In the present paper, a Nystrom-type method for second kind Volterra integral equations is introduced and studied. The method makes use of generalized Bernstein polynomials, defined for continuous functions and based on equally spaced points. Stability and convergence are studied in the space of continuous functions. Numerical tests illustrate the performance of the proposed approach

EH Performance of an Hybrid Energy Harvester for Autonomous Nodes

This paper reports the Energy Harvesting (EH) performance of a hybrid energy harvester able to collect energy form different energy sources: thermal, solar and electromagnetic. The main block of the system is the quarter-wavelength patch antenna, operating in the Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency band 2.4-2.5 GHz. The antenna has been designed and optimized to support a Thermo-Electric Generator (TEG) and a Solar Cell on its top. Moreover, a rectifier has been designed to work with the antenna and a DC-DC converter has been used to manage the TEG output voltage

Evaluating Brightness and Spectral Properties of Click Beetle and Firefly Luciferases Using Luciferin Analogues: Identification of Preferred Pairings of Luciferase and Substrate for In Vivo Bioluminescence Imaging.

Currently, a variety of red and green beetle luciferase variants are available for bioluminescence imaging (BLI). In addition, new luciferin analogues providing longer wavelength luminescence have been developed that show promise for improved deep tissue imaging. However, a detailed assessment of these analogues (e.g., Akalumine-HCl, CycLuc1, and amino naphthyl luciferin (NH <sub>2</sub> -NpLH2)) combined with state of the art luciferases has not been performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate for the first time the in vivo brightness and spectral characteristics of firefly (Luc2), click beetle green (CBG99), click beetle red 2 (CBR2), and Akaluc luciferases when paired with different D-luciferin (D-LH2) analogues in vivo. Transduced human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells expressing individual luciferases were analyzed both in vitro and in mice (via subcutaneous injection). Following introduction of the luciferins to cells or animals, the resulting bioluminescence signal and photon emission spectrum were acquired using a sensitive charge-coupled device (CCD) camera equipped with a series of band pass filters and spectral unmixing software. Our in vivo analysis resulted in four primary findings: (1) the best substrate for Luc2, CBG99, and CBR2 in terms of signal strength was D-luciferin; (2) the spectra for Luc2 and CBR2 were shifted to a longer wavelength when Akalumine-HCl was the substrate; (3) CBR2 gave the brightest signal with the near-infrared substrate, NH <sub>2</sub> -NpLH2; and (4) Akaluc was brighter when paired with either CycLuc1 or Akalumine-HCl when paired with D-LH2. We believe that the experimental results described here should provide valuable guidance to end users for choosing the correct luciferin/luciferase pairs for a variety of BLI applications

Optimized Longitudinal Monitoring of Stem Cell Grafts in Mouse Brain Using a Novel Bioluminescent/Near Infrared Fluorescent Fusion Reporter

Biodistribution and fate of transplanted stem cells via longitudinal monitoring has been successfully achieved in the last decade using optical imaging

In Vivo Evaluation of Indium-111-Labeled 800CW as a Necrosis-Avid Contrast Agent.

Current clinical measurements for tumor treatment efficiency rely often on changes in tumor volume measured as shrinkage by CT or MRI, which become apparent after multiple lines of treatment and pose a physical and psychological burden on the patient. Detection of therapy-induced cell death in the tumor can be a fast measure for treatment efficiency. However, there are no reliable clinical tools for detection of tumor necrosis. Previously, we studied the necrosis avidity of cyanine-based fluorescent dyes, which suffered long circulation times before tumor necrosis could be imaged due to low hydrophilicity. We now present the application of radiolabeled 800CW, a commercially available cyanine with high hydrophilicity, to image tumor necrosis in a mouse model. We conjugated 800CW to DOTA via a PEG linker, for labeling with single-photon emission-computed tomography isotope indium-111, yielding [ <sup>111</sup> In]In-DOTA-PEG <sub>4</sub> -800CW. We then investigated specific [ <sup>111</sup> In]In-DOTA-PEG <sub>4</sub> -800CW uptake by dead cells in vitro, using both fluorescence and radioactivity as detection modalities. Finally, we investigated [ <sup>111</sup> In]In-DOTA-PEG <sub>4</sub> -800CW uptake into necrotic tumor regions of a 4T1 breast tumor model in mice. We successfully prepared a precursor and developed a reliable procedure for labeling 800CW with indium-111. We detected specific [ <sup>111</sup> In]In-DOTA-PEG <sub>4</sub> -800CW uptake by dead cells, using both fluorescence and radioactivity. Albeit with a tumor uptake of only 0.37%ID/g at 6 h post injection, we were able to image tumor necrosis with a tumor to background ratio of 7:4. Fluorescence and radioactivity in cryosections from the dissected tumors were colocalized with tumor necrosis, confirmed by TUNEL staining. [ <sup>111</sup> In]In-DOTA-PEG <sub>4</sub> -800CW can be used to image tumor necrosis in vitro and in vivo. Further research will elucidate the application of [ <sup>111</sup> In]In-DOTA-PEG <sub>4</sub> -800CW or other radiolabeled hydrophilic cyanines for the detection of necrosis caused by chemotherapy or other anti-cancer therapies. This can provide valuable prognostic information in treatment of solid tumors

NanoBiT System and Hydrofurimazine for Optimized Detection of Viral Infection in Mice-A Novel in Vivo Imaging Platform.

Reporter genes are used to visualize intracellular biological phenomena, including viral infection. Here we demonstrate bioluminescent imaging of viral infection using the NanoBiT system in combination with intraperitoneal injection of a furimazine analogue, hydrofurimazine. This recently developed substrate has enhanced aqueous solubility allowing delivery of higher doses for in vivo imaging. The small high-affinity peptide tag (HiBiT), which is only 11 amino-acids in length, was engineered into a clinically used oncolytic adenovirus, and the complementary large protein (LgBiT) was constitutively expressed in tumor cells. Infection of the LgBiT expressing cells with the HiBiT oncolytic virus will reconstitute NanoLuc in the cytosol of the cell, providing strong bioluminescence upon treatment with substrate. This new bioluminescent system served as an early stage quantitative viral transduction reporter in vitro and also in vivo in mice, for longitudinal monitoring of oncolytic viral persistence in infected tumor cells. This platform provides novel opportunities for studying the biology of viruses in animal models

Necrosis binding of Ac-Lys⁰(IRDye800CW)-Tyr³-octreotate: a consequence from cyanine-labeling of small molecules.

There is a growing body of nuclear contrast agents that are repurposed for fluorescence-guided surgery. New contrast agents are obtained by substituting the radioactive tag with, or adding a fluorescent cyanine to the molecular structure of antibodies or peptides. This enables intra-operative fluorescent detection of cancerous tissue, leading to more complete tumor resection. However, these fluorescent cyanines can have a remarkable influence on pharmacokinetics and tumor uptake, especially when labeled to smaller targeting vectors such as peptides. Here we demonstrate the effect of cyanine-mediated dead cell-binding of Ac-Lys <sup>0</sup> (IRDye800CW)-Tyr <sup>3</sup> -octreotate (800CW-TATE) and how this can be used as an advantage for fluorescence-guided surgery. Binding of 800CW-TATE could be blocked with DOTA <sup>0</sup> -Tyr <sup>3</sup> -octreotate (DOTA-TATE) on cultured SSTR <sub>2</sub> -positive U2OS cells and was absent in SSTR <sub>2</sub> negative U2OS cells. However, strong binding was observed to dead cells, which could not be blocked with DOTA-TATE and was also present in dead SSTR <sub>2</sub> negative cells. No SSTR <sub>2</sub> -mediated binding was observed in frozen tumor sections, possibly due to disruption of the cells in the process of sectioning the tissue before exposure to the contrast agent. DOTA-TATE blocking resulted in an incomplete reduction of 61.5 ± 5.8% fluorescence uptake by NCI-H69-tumors in mice. Near-infrared imaging and dead cell staining on paraffin sections from resected tumors revealed that fluorescence uptake persisted in necrotic regions upon blocking with DOTA-TATE. This study shows that labeling peptides with cyanines can result in dead cell binding. This does not hamper the ultimate purpose of fluorescence-guided surgery, as necrotic tissue appears in most solid tumors. Hence, the necrosis binding can increase the overall tumor uptake. Moreover, necrotic tissue should be removed as much as possible: it cannot be salvaged, causes inflammation, and is tumorigenic. However, when performing binding experiments to cells with disrupted membrane integrity, which is routinely done with nuclear probes, this dead cell-binding can resemble non-specific binding. This study will benefit the development of fluorescent contrast agents

Low-Noise Ku-Band Receiver Frontend with Switchable SIW Filters for Cubesat Applications

This paper proposes a low-noise receiver frontend for nanosatellite and Cubesat platforms. The frontend is composed by a Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) and two Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) filters, providing a frequency reconfigurability to the system. The two filters operate in the 13 and in the 14 GHz uplink bands, and are selected by means of a pair of solid-state SPDT switches. As a results, 15.5 dB gain with 2.4 dB noise figure for the 13 GHz configuration and 17.8 dB gain with 2.3 dB noise figure for the 14 GHz configuration are obtained. This work is important since demonstrates a low-cost solution for satellite radio apparatuses based on commercial components on a standard PCB

Comparación de la actividad mitótica de las células epiteliales tubulares, en dos zonas del riñón de ratones machos adultos posnefrectomía

La nefrectomía unilateral (Nx) generalmente, está asociada con degeneración a largo término del riñón remanente. Es sabido que la remoción de un riñón estimula inmediatamente el crecimiento y la función del otro pero, hay diferentes mecanismos que inician el crecimiento compensatorio renal (CCR) dependiendo en parte de la edad, del sexo y de la zona analizada. Algunos autores demostraron que en ratones de ambos sexos, durante las primeras horas siguientes a la Nx, hay un periodo inicial de crecimiento hiperplásico aunque, solamente en el compartimiento cortical. Sin embargo, en trabajos previos nosotros observamos que a las 50 horas de la Nx, los valores de ADNs de las células tubulares corticales (CTC) y de la médula externa (CTM), son similares a los de los ratones intactos y a los de los animales falsamente nefrectomizados (F Nx), en ambos sexos.Facultad de Ciencias Médica